什么是自身免疫性疾病？请举两个例子。
What is an autoimmune disease? Give two examples.
自身免疫性疾病是免疫系统错误地攻击自身健康组织的疾病。常见例子包括1型糖尿病和类风湿性关节炎。
An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy tissues. Common examples include type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#自身免疫 #免疫 #疾病
癌症的本质是什么？
What is the nature of cancer?
癌症是一组由细胞基因变异导致异常、不受控制增殖的疾病。这些异常细胞可形成肿瘤并可能侵犯其他组织（转移）。
Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells acquire genetic changes that make them grow and divide uncontrollably. These abnormal cells can form tumors and may invade other tissues (metastasis).
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#癌症 #细胞 #疾病
慢性炎症如何促进慢性病？
How does chronic inflammation promote chronic disease?
低度慢性炎症通过持续释放细胞因子损伤组织、促进动脉粥样硬化与胰岛素抵抗，与心血管病、糖尿病和某些癌症密切相关。
Low-grade chronic inflammation constantly releases cytokines that damage tissue and promote atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, linking it to heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Kumar 等《Robbins 病理学基础》（Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease）炎症章节
Kumar et al., Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease (inflammation chapter)
#炎症 #慢性病
为什么有些癌症会转移？
Why do some cancers metastasize?
癌细胞可脱离原发灶，侵入血管或淋巴，在远处器官定植并形成新肿瘤，上皮—间质转化等机制增强了其迁移能力。（本回答仅为科普，不构成医疗建议，具体诊疗请咨询医生。）
Cancer cells can detach, invade blood or lymph vessels, and colonize distant organs; processes like epithelial-mesenchymal transition boost their migratory ability. (This is educational information only, not medical advice; consult a healthcare professional for personal concerns.)
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Kumar 等《Robbins 病理学基础》（Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease）肿瘤章节
Kumar et al., Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease (neoplasia chapter)
#癌症 #转移
自身免疫病为什么会发生？
Why do autoimmune diseases happen?
自身免疫病因免疫系统错误识别自身组织为威胁而攻击机体，与遗传易感、感染触发和分子模拟等因素相关。（本回答仅为科普，不构成医疗建议，具体诊疗请咨询医生。）
Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, linked to genetic susceptibility, infections, and molecular mimicry. (This is educational information only, not medical advice; consult a healthcare professional for personal concerns.)
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Kumar 等《Robbins 病理学基础》（Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease）自身免疫病章节
Kumar et al., Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease (autoimmune diseases chapter)
#自身免疫 #免疫
遗传性血管性水肿急性发作时,为什么抗组胺药和糖皮质激素几乎无效,正确的治疗靶点是什么?
Why do antihistamines and glucocorticoids barely help acute hereditary angioedema attacks, and what is the correct therapeutic target?
因为水肿由缓激肽蓄积而非组胺介导。患者多因SERPING1突变致C1酯酶抑制剂缺乏,激肽释放酶-激肽系统失去制动,缓激肽大量生成并激动血管内皮B2受体,通透性骤增形成反复发作、可窒息致死的水肿;抗组胺药针对H1受体、激素作用于其他炎症通路,都没触及缓激肽环节,故收效甚微。正确方向是补足C1-INH浓缩物、以艾替班特阻断B2受体,或用艾卡拉肽等药物抑制激肽释放酶。
Because the swelling is driven by accumulated bradykinin, not histamine. Most patients lack functional C1 inhibitor due to SERPING1 mutations, leaving the kallikrein-kinin system unchecked; excess bradykinin stimulates endothelial B2 receptors, sharply raising vascular permeability and producing recurrent edema that can suffocate. Antihistamines block H1 receptors and steroids act on unrelated inflammatory pathways, so neither touches this axis. Correct targets are replacing C1-INH concentrate, blocking B2 receptors with icatibant, or inhibiting plasma kallikrein with ecallantide.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
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Zuraw,《Hereditary Angioedema》,New England Journal of Medicine,2008 (DOI: 10.1056/nejmcp0803977)
Zuraw, 'Hereditary Angioedema', New England Journal of Medicine, 2008, DOI: 10.1056/nejmcp0803977
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1056/nejmcp0803977
#遗传性血管性水肿 #缓激肽 #C1酯酶抑制剂
高血压有哪些隐匿风险？
What are the hidden risks of high blood pressure?
高血压常无明显症状却会长期损伤血管，增加脑卒中、心肌梗死和肾衰竭风险，因此被称为“沉默的杀手”。
Hypertension is often symptomless yet slowly damages vessels, raising risks of stroke, heart attack, and kidney failure—earning the name silent killer.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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《中国高血压防治指南（2018年修订版）》；WHO 成人高血压药物治疗指南（2021）
Chinese Guideline for the Management of Hypertension (2018 revision); WHO guideline for pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults (2021)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787521406528（豆瓣书目条目: 中国高血压防治指南2018年修订版）；本条出处含多部著作，
#高血压 #心血管
2型糖尿病的主要成因是什么？
What mainly causes type 2 diabetes?
2型糖尿病主要因胰岛素抵抗伴随胰岛β细胞功能下降，使血糖调节失效，超重、缺乏运动与遗传是主要危险因素。
Type 2 diabetes mainly stems from insulin resistance plus declining beta-cell function, with obesity, inactivity, and genetics as key risk factors.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
美国糖尿病协会（ADA）《糖尿病医学诊疗标准》（Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2024）
American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2024
#糖尿病 #代谢
中风（脑卒中）通常有哪些警示信号？
What are common warning signs of a stroke?
中风常见信号包括面部下垂、手臂无力、说话含糊，可用“FAST”原则快速识别。出现症状应立即就医，因为时间就是大脑。
Common stroke signs include a drooping face, arm weakness, and slurred speech, summarized by the 'FAST' rule. If symptoms appear, seek emergency care immediately because time is brain.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#中风 #脑血管 #急救
抗生素能治疗感冒和流感吗？
Can antibiotics cure colds and the flu?
不能。抗生素只对细菌感染有效，而感冒和流感大多由病毒引起。滥用抗生素还可能导致耐药菌产生。
No. Antibiotics work only against bacterial infections, while colds and flu are mostly caused by viruses. Misusing antibiotics can also promote drug-resistant bacteria.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#抗生素 #病毒 #疾病
氯苯唑酸并不减少体内的致病蛋白，凭什么还能减缓转甲状腺素蛋白淀粉样变性的进展？
Since tafamidis never removes the abnormal protein itself, how does it still slow the course of transthyretin amyloidosis?
它选择的是稳定而非清除致病蛋白。转甲状腺素蛋白以四聚体形式在血中循环，基因突变使其不稳定，解离出的单体错误折叠并聚合成淀粉样纤维，沉积在心肌与周围神经；该药结合四聚体的甲状腺素结合位点，像分子扣一样把四个亚基锁定，显著延缓解离这一限速步骤，新生淀粉样物质随之减少。III期试验显示治疗组死亡与心血管住院的复合终点明显下降，证明了这种动力学稳定策略的价值。
It stabilizes rather than clears the culprit protein. Transthyretin circulates as a tetramer; mutations destabilize it, and the monomers released misfold and aggregate into amyloid fibrils deposited in myocardium and peripheral nerves. Tafamidis binds the tetramer's thyroxine-binding sites and, like a molecular clasp, locks the four subunits together, markedly delaying dissociation - the rate-limiting step - so less amyloid forms. In the phase III trial the composite of death and cardiovascular hospitalization fell significantly, validating kinetic stabilization as a strategy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Maurer MS等论文《Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy》（ATTR-ACT研究），New England Journal of Medicine 2018年
Maurer MS et al., Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy (ATTR-ACT), New England Journal of Medicine 2018
#转甲状腺素蛋白淀粉样变 #氯苯唑酸 #四聚体动力学稳定
发烧是病吗？
Is a fever a disease?
发烧本身不是疾病，而是身体对抗感染的一种防御反应。适度发烧有助于免疫系统工作，但过高或持续不退需要关注。
A fever is not a disease by itself but a defensive response of the body against infection. A mild fever helps the immune system work, though a very high or persistent fever needs attention.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#发烧 #体温 #疾病
感冒通常是由什么引起的？
What usually causes the common cold?
普通感冒大多由病毒引起，最常见的是鼻病毒。感冒通常可以自愈，休息和多饮水有助于恢复。
The common cold is usually caused by viruses, most often rhinoviruses. It generally resolves on its own, and rest and fluids help recovery.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#感冒 #病毒 #疾病
什么是过敏？
What is an allergy?
过敏是免疫系统对某些通常无害的物质（如花粉、食物）产生过度反应。常见表现包括打喷嚏、皮疹和瘙痒。
An allergy is when the immune system overreacts to substances that are usually harmless, such as pollen or certain foods. Common signs include sneezing, rash, and itching.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#过敏 #免疫 #疾病
发烧一定是坏事吗？
Is a fever always a bad thing?
发烧是身体对抗感染的正常反应，适度升温有助于免疫系统工作，但过高或持续不退需就医。
Fever is the body's normal response to infection and helps the immune system; very high or persistent fever needs medical care.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
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Guyton 与 Hall《医学生理学》（Textbook of Medical Physiology）体温调节章节
Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (body temperature regulation chapter)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#发烧 #免疫
蛀牙是怎么形成的？
How do cavities form?
当我们吃含糖食物后，口腔细菌会利用糖分产酸，酸会慢慢腐蚀牙齿表面形成蛀牙。每天刷牙和少吃甜食有助于预防。
After eating sugary foods, bacteria in the mouth produce acid that slowly erodes the tooth surface and forms cavities. Brushing daily and limiting sweets help prevent them.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》,人民卫生出版社中译版(日常健康与自我护理)
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, PMPH Chinese ed.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#蛀牙 #牙齿 #疾病
贫血通常是什么意思？
What does anemia usually mean?
贫血是指血液中红细胞或血红蛋白数量不足，导致氧气运输能力下降。常见症状有乏力、头晕和面色苍白。
Anemia means there are too few red blood cells or too little hemoglobin, reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen. Common symptoms include tiredness, dizziness, and pale skin.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#贫血 #血液 #疾病
高血压是指什么？
What is high blood pressure (hypertension)?
高血压是指血液在血管中流动时对管壁的压力持续偏高。长期未控制的高血压会增加心脏病和中风的风险。
Hypertension means the pressure of blood against artery walls stays consistently too high. Long-term uncontrolled hypertension raises the risk of heart disease and stroke.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#高血压 #心血管 #疾病