糖尿病酮症酸中毒(DKA)的发生机制是什么?
What is the mechanism of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
胰岛素严重缺乏使葡萄糖利用受阻,机体转而大量分解脂肪产生游离脂肪酸,在肝脏经β氧化生成酮体相关产物。酮体(乙酰乙酸、β-羟丁酸、丙酮)堆积造成代谢性酸中毒,同时高血糖引发渗透性利尿导致脱水。一般需静脉补液、胰岛素和纠正电解质来治疗。
Severe insulin deficiency blocks glucose use, so the body heavily breaks down fat; free fatty acids undergo hepatic β-oxidation into ketone bodies. Accumulation of acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone causes metabolic acidosis, while hyperglycemia drives osmotic diuresis and dehydration. Treatment is intravenous fluids, insulin, and electrolyte correction.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
美国糖尿病协会(ADA)《糖尿病医学诊疗标准(2024)》
American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
#酮症酸中毒 #胰岛素缺乏 #酮体
GLP-1受体激动剂实现降糖和减重的双重作用依赖什么机制?
What mechanisms underlie the dual glucose-lowering and weight-reducing effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists?
GLP-1受体激动剂模拟肠源性GLP-1,以葡萄糖依赖方式促进胰岛素分泌并抑制胰高血糖素,从而降低血糖。它同时延缓胃排空、增强饱腹感并作用于下丘脑食欲中枢以减少进食。研究表明,这类药物还能带来心血管获益。
GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic incretin GLP-1, stimulating insulin and suppressing glucagon in a glucose-dependent manner to lower glucose. They also slow gastric emptying, increase satiety, and act on hypothalamic appetite centers to reduce intake. Trials show associated cardiovascular benefits.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Marso SP等,《司美格鲁肽与2型糖尿病患者心血管结局(SUSTAIN-6)》,新英格兰医学杂志(NEJM) 2016;375(19):1834-1844
Marso SP, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6). N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834-1844
#GLP-1 #受体激动剂 #减重
妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)为何多在孕中期筛查发现?
Why is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) usually screened for in the second trimester?
妊娠中晚期胎盘分泌的激素(如人胎盘催乳素、皮质醇)产生胰岛素抵抗,使部分孕妇血糖升高。通常在孕24–28周进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验筛查。研究表明,控制GDM可改善母婴近期与远期预后,一般建议饮食运动管理并必要时用药。
In mid-to-late pregnancy, placental hormones such as human placental lactogen and cortisol induce insulin resistance, raising glucose in some women. Screening is typically an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks. Managing GDM improves maternal and fetal outcomes, usually via diet, exercise, and medication if needed.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
中华医学会妇产科学分会《妊娠期糖尿病诊治指南(2014)》
Chinese Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Guidelines for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, 2014
#妊娠期糖尿病 #胰岛素抵抗 #糖耐量
代谢综合征通常包括哪几项异常?
What abnormalities are usually included in metabolic syndrome?
代谢综合征是一组聚集的代谢紊乱,通常包括中心性肥胖、血压升高、空腹血糖或糖耐量异常,以及血脂异常(高甘油三酯、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇)。具备其中三项或以上一般可诊断。它显著增加2型糖尿病和心血管病风险。
Metabolic syndrome clusters several metabolic abnormalities: central obesity, elevated blood pressure, impaired fasting glucose or glucose tolerance, and dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol). Having three or more components generally meets the diagnosis. It substantially raises type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
中华医学会糖尿病学分会《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020版)》
Chinese Diabetes Society. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in China, 2020
#代谢综合征 #中心性肥胖 #血脂异常
发现甲状腺结节后,首先需要评估的是什么?
After finding a thyroid nodule, what should be assessed first?
首先需评估结节的功能状态与恶性风险:通过甲状腺功能(TSH等)判断有无甲亢或甲减,并以超声特征评估结节可疑程度。功能自主的热结节通常恶性风险较低,而超声可疑者可能需细针穿刺活检。一般建议由内分泌科综合判断随访或干预。
First assess function and malignancy risk: thyroid function tests (TSH, etc.) detect hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and ultrasound features grade suspicion. Autonomous 'hot' nodules are usually low-risk, whereas suspicious ultrasound may warrant fine-needle biopsy. Endocrinology integrates findings to plan follow-up or intervention.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
中华医学会内分泌学分会《甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南(2012)》
Chinese Society of Endocrinology. Guidelines for Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer, 2012
#甲状腺结节 #超声 #活检
甲状腺功能亢进与减退的典型表现有何不同?
How do typical manifestations of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism differ?
甲亢因甲状腺激素过多表现为心悸、怕热、多汗、消瘦和易激动;甲减则因激素不足出现乏力、怕冷、体重增加、便秘和反应迟钝。两者均可由自身免疫(如Graves病、桥本甲状腺炎)引起。一般需结合甲功化验确诊。
Hyperthyroidism from excess hormone brings palpitations, heat intolerance, sweating, weight loss, and irritability; hypothyroidism from deficiency causes fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, and slowed thinking. Both can be autoimmune (e.g., Graves', Hashimoto's). Thyroid function tests confirm the diagnosis.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。
中华医学会内分泌学分会《中国甲状腺疾病诊治指南》
Chinese Society of Endocrinology. Guidelines for Thyroid Diseases in China
#甲亢 #甲减 #甲状腺激素
1型糖尿病和2型糖尿病的主要区别是什么?
What are the main differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
1型糖尿病多因自身免疫破坏胰岛β细胞,导致胰岛素绝对缺乏,常见于青少年且需依赖外源胰岛素。2型糖尿病以胰岛素抵抗伴相对分泌不足为主,多与肥胖和生活方式相关。两者都可表现为高血糖,但病因、发病年龄和治疗策略不同。
Type 1 diabetes usually stems from autoimmune destruction of β-cells, causing absolute insulin deficiency; it often appears in youth and requires exogenous insulin. Type 2 is driven mainly by insulin resistance with relative deficiency, linked to obesity and lifestyle. Both raise glucose but differ in cause, age, and therapy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
美国糖尿病协会(ADA)《糖尿病医学诊疗标准(2024)》
American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
#1型糖尿病 #2型糖尿病 #胰岛素抵抗