什么是代谢综合征?
What is metabolic syndrome?
代谢综合征是多种代谢异常聚集的状态,包括腹型肥胖、高血压、高血糖和血脂异常。它显著增加糖尿病和心血管疾病风险,与久坐、不良饮食密切相关。
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar and abnormal lipids. It substantially raises the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease and is closely tied to inactivity and poor diet.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。
国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)《代谢综合征全球定义》
International Diabetes Federation (IDF). 'The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome.'
#代谢综合征 #肥胖 #胰岛素抵抗
垂体被称为“主宰腺体”的原因是什么?
Why is the pituitary called the 'master gland'?
垂体位于脑底部,分泌多种促激素调控甲状腺、肾上腺、性腺等其他内分泌腺。它接受下丘脑信号,处于内分泌调节网络的中枢位置。
The pituitary sits at the base of the brain and releases several tropic hormones that control other endocrine glands such as the thyroid, adrenals and gonads. Receiving signals from the hypothalamus, it sits at the center of the endocrine control network.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#垂体 #下丘脑 #激素调控
甲亢和甲减有什么区别?
What is the difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism?
甲亢是甲状腺激素分泌过多,表现为心慌、消瘦、怕热和多汗。甲减则是激素不足,表现为乏力、怕冷、体重增加和反应迟钝。两者病因和处理方式不同。
Hyperthyroidism is excess thyroid hormone, causing palpitations, weight loss, heat intolerance and sweating. Hypothyroidism is too little hormone, causing fatigue, cold intolerance, weight gain and slow thinking. Their causes and treatments differ.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416(豆瓣书目条目: 内科学)
#甲亢 #甲减 #甲状腺激素
甲状腺有什么功能?
What does the thyroid gland do?
甲状腺位于颈部,分泌甲状腺激素调节全身新陈代谢、体温和生长发育。激素过多或过少都会明显影响体重、心率和精力。
The thyroid sits in the neck and secretes hormones that regulate whole-body metabolism, body temperature and growth. Too much or too little hormone noticeably affects weight, heart rate and energy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#甲状腺 #激素 #代谢
什么是糖尿病?
What is diabetes?
糖尿病是一组以血糖长期升高为特征的代谢疾病,主要因胰岛素分泌不足或作用受损。长期高血糖可损害血管、神经、眼和肾脏。一型多与自身免疫有关,二型常与肥胖和生活方式相关。
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases with persistently high blood sugar, mainly due to too little insulin or poor response to it. Long-term high glucose damages vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Type 1 is mostly autoimmune; type 2 is often linked to obesity and lifestyle.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。
美国糖尿病协会(ADA)《糖尿病医学诊疗标准》
American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes.
#糖尿病 #血糖 #胰岛素
什么是皮质醇?
What is cortisol?
皮质醇是身体主要的应激激素,由肾上腺分泌,帮助调节血糖、抗炎和应对压力。长期过高会削弱免疫、影响睡眠并促发腹部脂肪堆积。
Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone, made by the adrenal glands, and helps regulate blood sugar, dampen inflammation and cope with stress. Chronically high levels weaken immunity, disturb sleep and promote abdominal fat.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#皮质醇 #应激 #肾上腺
肾上腺素有什么作用?
What does adrenaline (epinephrine) do?
肾上腺素是肾上腺在紧张或危险时释放的激素,会引发心跳加快、血压升高、呼吸加深。它让身体进入“战斗或逃跑”状态以应对紧急情况。
Adrenaline is released by the adrenal glands under stress or danger, causing faster heartbeat, higher blood pressure and deeper breathing. It prepares the body for a 'fight or flight' response to emergencies.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#肾上腺素 #应激 #激素
生长激素有什么作用?
What does growth hormone do?
生长激素由垂体分泌,促进儿童青少年骨骼和肌肉生长。在成人中它仍参与组织修复、脂肪分解和维持肌肉量。
Growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary and drives bone and muscle growth in children and teens. In adults it still helps tissue repair, fat breakdown and maintaining muscle mass.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#生长激素 #垂体 #发育
胰岛素有什么作用?
What does insulin do?
胰岛素由胰腺分泌,帮助血液中的葡萄糖进入细胞用作能量。它还能促进肝脏和肌肉把多余的糖储存为糖原。胰岛素不足或失效会导致血糖升高。
Insulin is secreted by the pancreas and helps blood glucose enter cells for energy. It also prompts the liver and muscles to store excess sugar as glycogen. Too little insulin or resistance to it raises blood sugar.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton & Hall《医学生理学》;美国糖尿病协会(ADA)
Guyton & Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology; American Diabetes Association (ADA).
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#胰岛素 #血糖 #胰腺