进行心肺复苏（CPR）时按压的深度和频率是多少？
What are the depth and rate of chest compressions in CPR?
对于成人，按压深度约为5到6厘米，频率为每分钟100到120次。每次按压后让胸廓完全回弹，并尽量减少中断。
For adults, compress the chest about 5 to 6 centimeters deep at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute. Let the chest fully recoil after each push and minimize interruptions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#CPR #按压 #急救
中暑（热射病）应该怎么处理？
How do we handle heat stroke?
热射病是急症：把人移到阴凉处、松衣、用冷水喷洒加扇风快速降温，清醒者可小口补水。若意识不清、无汗或体温极高，立即呼叫急救。
Heat stroke is an emergency: move to shade, loosen clothes, cool rapidly with water and fanning, and sip fluids if alert. Confusion, no sweating or very high temperature means call emergency services now.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#中暑 #降温
什么是“黄金救援时间”？
What is the 'golden hour' of rescue?
“黄金救援时间”指突发重病或重伤后，最有可能挽救生命、减少后遗症的有限关键时段，常被认为约为伤后1小时。及时正确的急救在此窗口内尤为关键。
The 'golden hour' refers to the critical, limited window after a sudden severe illness or injury when lives are most likely to be saved and long-term damage minimized, often considered about the first hour. Timely, correct first aid matters most within this window.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#黄金时间 #急救 #应急
如何判断心脏骤停并施行CPR？
How do you recognize cardiac arrest and do CPR?
若患者无反应且无正常呼吸，应立即呼叫急救并开始胸外按压（约每分钟100–120次、深度5–6厘米），配合人工呼吸直至除颤器或救援到达。（本回答仅为科普，实操请参加正规急救培训。）
If unresponsive with no normal breathing, call emergency services and start chest compressions (about 100–120/min, 5–6 cm deep), with rescue breaths until an AED or help arrives. (Educational only; get proper first-aid training for practice.)
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
美国心脏协会（AHA）《心肺复苏与心血管急救指南（2020）》
American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for CPR and Emergency Cardiovascular Care (2020)
#心肺复苏 #急救
中风的“FAST”识别法指什么？
What does the FAST test for stroke mean?
FAST指面部下垂(Face)、手臂无力(Arm)、言语含糊(Speech)及及时送医(Time)，出现任一迹象应尽快拨打急救电话。
FAST stands for Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, and Time to call emergency—any sign means seek help fast.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国卒中协会（ASA）《F.A.S.T. 卒中识别法》
American Stroke Association (ASA): F.A.S.T. stroke recognition
#中风 #急救
扭伤后该冰敷还是热敷？
For a sprain, ice or heat?
受伤后48小时内用RICE原则：休息、冰敷、加压、抬高；之后若仍僵硬可转为温热。若剧痛、肿得厉害或无法承重，应就医排除骨折。
In the first 48 hours use RICE: rest, ice, compression, elevation; later switch to warmth for stiffness. Severe pain, swelling or inability to bear weight needs medical check for fracture.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#扭伤 #RICE
怀疑骨折时如何处理？
What if a bone may be broken?
尽量不要随意移动伤肢，用夹板或硬物临时固定，控制出血并尽快就医拍片确认。不要试图把变形部位掰直。
Avoid moving the limb unnecessarily; immobilize with a splint or rigid object, control bleeding and get an X-ray promptly. Don't try to straighten a deformed limb.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#骨折 #固定
对乙酰氨基酚过量后,为什么N-乙酰半胱氨酸必须在摄入后尽早(最好8小时内)使用?
Why must N-acetylcysteine be started as early as possible—ideally within eight hours—after an acetaminophen overdose?
过量的对乙酰氨基酚经CYP2E1代谢生成NAPQI,后者耗竭肝细胞谷胱甘肽并与线粒体蛋白共价结合,引起小叶中心性肝坏死。N-乙酰半胱氨酸作为谷胱甘肽前体,只有在大量NAPQI尚未与组织结合前给药才能有效拦截毒性代谢物。超过8小时给药虽仍能改善凝血障碍和生存率,但肝毒性风险随延迟明显上升。
Excess acetaminophen is converted by CYP2E1 into NAPQI, which depletes hepatic glutathione and binds mitochondrial proteins, producing centrilobular necrosis. As a glutathione precursor, N-acetylcysteine intercepts circulating NAPQI efficiently only before large amounts bind covalently to tissue. Later treatment still improves coagulopathy and survival, yet hepatotoxicity risk climbs steeply as the delay lengthens.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
美国毒理学联盟对乙酰氨基酚过量管理立场文件,Dart RC 等,Annals of Emergency Medicine 2006
Dart RC et al., Acetaminophen poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for in-hospital management, Ann Emerg Med 2006
#对乙酰氨基酚中毒 #解毒剂
潜水医学中，“保罗·伯特效应”与“洛兰·史密斯效应”分别指哪种氧中毒表现？为何在高压下呼吸时中枢神经型氧中毒会率先出现？
In diving medicine, which form of oxygen toxicity do the Paul Bert effect and the Lorrain Smith effect respectively describe, and why does central nervous system oxygen toxicity appear first when breathing under elevated ambient pressure?
保罗·伯特效应指高氧分压引发的急性中枢型氧中毒，表现为面颊抽动、眩晕乃至惊厥；洛兰·史密斯效应指长时间暴露所致的肺型氧中毒，表现为胸痛、咳嗽与肺活量下降。机制均为活性氧超出抗氧化防御能力，损伤神经元与肺泡上皮；环境压升高令吸入气氧分压成比例上升，脑组织先达发作阈值，故水下以惊厥型为主，规程据此限定各分压的暴露时限。
The Paul Bert effect is acute CNS oxygen toxicity from high inspired PO2, presenting as facial twitching, vertigo and convulsions; the Lorrain Smith effect is pulmonary oxygen toxicity after prolonged exposure, with retrosternal burning, cough and falling vital capacity. Both stem from reactive oxygen species overwhelming antioxidant defences, injuring neurons and alveolar epithelium; because higher ambient pressure raises inspired PO2 proportionally, the brain reaches its seizure threshold first underwater, so dive regulations cap exposure time for each PO2 level.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
《美国海军潜水手册》（U.S. Navy Diving Manual）第7修订版，美国海军海上系统司令部（NAVSEA），2016年
U.S. Navy Diving Manual, Revision 7, Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA), 2016
#氧中毒 #潜水医学 #高压氧
烫伤后第一时间的正确处理是什么？
What is the correct first response to a burn?
立即用流动的凉水冲洗伤口15-20分钟降温止痛，同时轻轻脱去衣物（粘在伤口上的不要硬撕）。不要涂牙膏、酱油或冰块，也不要用针刺破水疱；用干净纱布或保鲜膜松散覆盖后就医，面积大或起大水疱的更要尽快看医生。
Cool the burn under gently running tap water for 15–20 minutes to stop heat damage and ease pain, and remove clothing unless it is stuck to the skin. Do not apply toothpaste, soy sauce, or ice, and never pop blisters; loosely cover with clean gauze or plastic wrap and seek medical care, especially for large burns or large blisters.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#烫伤 #冷水冲洗 #水疱
被烫伤后应该怎么处理？
What should you do after a burn or scald?
立即用流动的凉水冲洗烫伤处至少10到20分钟，以减轻疼痛和损伤。不要涂牙膏或酱油，严重烫伤应尽快就医。
Immediately run cool (not ice-cold) water over the burn for at least 10 to 20 minutes to reduce pain and damage. Do not apply toothpaste or soy sauce, and seek medical care for serious burns.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#烫伤 #冷却 #急救
为什么断离的手指或肢体保存要“干燥冷藏”而不能泡在生理盐水或冰水里？
Why should a severed finger or limb be kept "dry and cold", not soaked in saline or ice water?
再植成功靠保存离体组织的活力，理想是先用干净纱布包裹、再放入塑料袋、置于冰屑上（0–4°C）的“干燥冷藏”，避免冻伤和浸泡损伤。直接泡生理盐水或冰水会使细胞水肿、血管内皮破坏，降低再植成活率。同时伤员止血包扎、尽快送有显微外科能力的医院是关键。
Replantation depends on keeping the detached tissue alive: wrap it in clean gauze, seal in a plastic bag and set it on ice chips (0–4°C)—“dry cold”—to avoid freezing and soaking damage. Soaking in saline or ice water swells cells and ruins vessel lining, lowering success. Meanwhile control bleeding and rush to a microsurgery centre.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#断指 #再植 #干燥冷藏 #显微外科
吃东西噎住（气道梗阻）时怎么办？
What should you do if someone is choking on food?
若患者能咳嗽发声，应鼓励其用力咳嗽；若无法呼吸，可对其实施海姆立克急救法（腹部冲击）。婴儿和成人的手法有所不同，必要时立即呼救。
If the person can cough and speak, encourage forceful coughing; if they cannot breathe, perform the Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrusts). Techniques differ for infants and adults, and call for help if needed.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#噎食 #海姆立克 #急救
为什么1岁以下婴儿发生气道梗阻时要用拍背和压胸，而不能用成人的海姆立克法？
Why do infants under one year with airway obstruction need back slaps and chest thrusts, not the adult Heimlich?
婴儿肝大、膈肌高、胸腹结构娇嫩，对腹部猛挤的成人海姆立克法可能伤及肝脏或无效。指南推荐先5次俯卧拍背、再5次仰卧压胸，利用解剖位置把堵塞物推出。若婴儿仍能哭叫咳嗽说明气道未全堵，应鼓励咳而非急于操作；一旦无声、发绀须立即循环进行并呼叫急救。
Infants have a large liver, high diaphragm and delicate trunk, so the adult Heimlich abdominal thrust can injure the liver or fail. Guidelines use five back slaps then five chest thrusts to expel the object through anatomy. If the baby still cries or coughs, the airway is not fully blocked—let them cough; once silent and blue, repeat the cycle and call emergency.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
美国心脏协会(AHA)《心肺复苏与急救指南》(2020)；《中国心肺复苏指南》
AHA CPR & First Aid Guidelines (2020); Chinese CPR Guideline
#婴儿 #气道梗阻 #拍背压胸 #海姆立克
外伤出血时该怎么止血？
How should you stop bleeding from a wound?
首选用干净的布或纱布直接用力压迫伤口止血，持续压迫直到出血停止或急救人员接手。尽量让伤口部位高于心脏，不要频繁松手查看。只有大动脉严重出血且压迫无效时才考虑止血带，并记录上带时间。
The first-line method is firm, direct pressure on the wound with clean cloth or gauze, held until bleeding stops or help arrives. Keep the injured area raised above the heart if possible, and avoid repeatedly lifting the cloth to peek. A tourniquet is reserved for severe arterial bleeding when pressure fails — note the time it was applied.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
美国红十字会（急救与止血）
American Red Cross (first aid and bleeding control)
#止血 #直接压迫 #止血带
吃东西噎住怎么办？
What if someone is choking on food?
若能咳嗽就鼓励咳出；若无法呼吸说话，成人可站在身后用腹部冲击（海姆立克法）帮助排出异物。
If they can cough, encourage it; if they can't breathe or speak, stand behind and give abdominal thrusts (Heimlich) to expel the object.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国红十字会《急救手册：气道梗阻（海姆立克法）》
American Red Cross: First Aid — Choking (Heimlich maneuver)
#窒息 #急救
被动物咬伤后应注意什么？
What should you watch for after an animal bite?
应立即用肥皂和流动水冲洗伤口并消毒，然后尽快就医评估是否需要狂犬疫苗。不要包扎过紧，保持伤口清洁很重要。
Wash the wound immediately with soap and running water and disinfect it, then see a doctor promptly to assess the need for rabies vaccination. Keep the wound clean and do not bandage it too tightly.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#咬伤 #狂犬病 #急救
有人突然倒地没有反应，普通人应该怎么做？
What should an ordinary bystander do if someone collapses and is unresponsive?
先确认环境安全，判断对方有无意识和正常呼吸。若无反应且无正常呼吸，立即大声呼救并拨打急救电话，然后开始胸外按压：双手叠放于胸骨下半段，以每分钟100-120次的频率按压，深度约5-6厘米，直到急救人员到场或使用AED。敢于出手比犹豫等待重要得多。
Check that the scene is safe, then assess responsiveness and normal breathing. If unresponsive with no normal breathing, shout for help, call emergency services, and start chest compressions: place both hands on the lower half of the sternum and push hard and fast at 100–120 compressions per minute, about 5–6 cm deep, until EMS arrives or an AED is available. Acting beats hesitating.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#心肺复苏 #胸外按压 #AED
AED是什么，普通人也能用吗？
What is an AED and can ordinary people use it?
AED是自动体外除颤器，会用语音逐步引导，在心脏骤停时与CPR配合使用。它设计给非专业人员使用，敢于取来并按提示操作很可能救人。
An AED is an automated external defibrillator that talks you through steps and is used with CPR in cardiac arrest. Built for laypeople, fetching and following it can save a life.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#AED #心肺复苏
中暑有哪些表现，如何处理？
What are the signs of heatstroke and how is it handled?
中暑可表现为头晕、恶心、皮肤干燥发烫甚至意识模糊。应立即移到阴凉处、降温并补充水分，严重时须尽快送医。
Heatstroke can show as dizziness, nausea, hot dry skin, and even confusion. Move the person to shade, cool them down, and give fluids; severe cases need urgent medical care.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#中暑 #降温 #急救
被蜜蜂蛰了怎么办？
What to do after a bee sting?
用卡片横向刮掉毒刺，冷敷缓解肿痛，并观察是否过敏。若红肿超出叮咬处、出现呼吸困难等，须立即就医。
Scrape the stinger off with a card, apply cold to reduce pain/swelling, and watch for allergy. Swelling beyond the site or breathing trouble means emergency care.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#蜂蛰 #过敏
有人突然晕倒怎么办？
What to do if someone faints?
让其平躺、抬高双腿，保证通风；若很快清醒且无其他异常通常无碍。若呼之不应或没有呼吸，立即开始CPR并呼叫急救。
Lay them flat, raise the legs and ensure airflow; if they wake quickly it's usually fine. If unresponsive or not breathing, start CPR and call emergency services.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#晕厥 #急救
不小心误服了药物或化学品怎么办？
What should you do after accidentally swallowing medicine or chemicals?
不要自行催吐，也不要用"解药"或喝牛奶、醋水等土办法，某些腐蚀性物质会因此造成二次伤害。立即拨打急救电话或中毒中心，准备好产品包装或说明书，按接线员指示操作。发现有人昏迷或呼吸困难时，先保证呼吸道通畅。
Do not induce vomiting, and avoid folk remedies like milk or vinegar — corrosive substances can cause more damage coming back up. Call emergency services or a poison control center immediately, have the product container or label at hand, and follow the operator's instructions. If the person is unconscious or struggling to breathe, first keep the airway open.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
美国中毒控制中心（误服处理建议）
Poison Control (US, advice on accidental ingestion)
#中毒 #催吐 #急救电话
发现有人触电应如何处理？
What should you do if someone is electrocuted?
首先确保自身安全，断开电源或用绝缘物挑开电线，切勿直接用手拉人。确认环境安全后再检查意识和呼吸，必要时呼救并急救。
First ensure your own safety by cutting the power or using an insulated object to move the wire; never pull the person with your bare hands. Once safe, check consciousness and breathing, and call for help and first aid if needed.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#触电 #断电 #急救
水疱（水泡）要挑破吗？
Should I pop a blister?
尽量别弄破，完整的皮能防感染。若水疱大且痛，可在边缘用消毒针引流并保持清洁覆盖。
Don't pop it; intact skin prevents infection. If large and painful, drain at the edge with a sterilized needle and keep it clean and covered.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#水疱 #皮肤
严重过敏（过敏性休克）发生时该怎么处理？
What should you do during a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)?
过敏性休克进展很快，可表现为呼吸困难、喉咙发紧、面部肿胀、血压下降。一旦怀疑，立即用肾上腺素自动注射笔在大腿外侧肌注，并拨打急救电话；即使症状好转也不能停止观察，因为可能二次发作。让患者平卧、抬高双腿，松开紧身衣物。
Anaphylaxis can progress rapidly, with trouble breathing, throat tightness, facial swelling, and falling blood pressure. If suspected, immediately inject epinephrine from an auto-injector into the outer thigh and call emergency services; do not stop monitoring even if symptoms improve, because a second wave can occur. Lay the person flat with legs raised and loosen tight clothing.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#过敏性休克 #肾上腺素 #自动注射笔
小割伤该怎么处理？
How do I treat a small cut?
先用清水冲洗，加压止血，再清洁并贴上创可贴。若伤口深、脏或破伤风接种不全，应就医评估。
Rinse with clean water, press to stop bleeding, clean and cover with a bandage. For deep, dirty wounds or if tetanus shots are not up to date, seek care.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#割伤 #止血
遇到有人触电先做什么？
What do you do first if someone is electrocuted?
先切断电源或用绝缘物挑开电线，确保自身安全后再施救，并立即呼叫急救。
First cut the power or use an insulator to move the wire, keep yourself safe, then give aid and call emergency services.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国红十字会《急救手册：触电》
American Red Cross: First Aid — Electric shock
#触电 #安全
发现有人突然晕倒该怎么办？
What should you do if someone suddenly collapses?
先轻拍并呼喊判断其是否清醒，若无反应且无呼吸，应立即呼救并开始心肺复苏（CPR）。尽早使用自动体外除颤器（AED）能显著提高存活率。
First tap and shout to check if the person is conscious; if unresponsive and not breathing, call for help and start CPR. Using an automated external defibrillator (AED) early greatly improves survival.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#昏迷 #CPR #急救
一氧化碳中毒患者的脉搏血氧饱和度可以完全正常,这是为什么?
Why can pulse oximetry read completely normal in a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning?
脉搏血氧仪仅用660nm与940nm两个波长区分氧合与还原血红蛋白,而碳氧血红蛋白在这两个波长下的吸光特性接近氧合血红蛋白,仪器便把它计入氧合部分。因此 SpO2 可显示98%以上,而血液实际携氧能力已大幅下降。怀疑中毒时应测定动脉血气加碳氧血红蛋白浓度,并立即给予高流量纯氧加速CO解离。
Pulse oximeters separate oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin using only two wavelengths (660 and 940 nm), and carboxyhemoglobin absorbs light at these wavelengths much like oxyhemoglobin, so the device counts it as oxygenated. SpO2 can therefore read above 98% while the blood's actual oxygen-carrying capacity is markedly reduced. When CO poisoning is suspected, arterial blood gas with a measured carboxyhemoglobin level is required, and high-flow 100% oxygen should be started at once to hasten CO dissociation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#一氧化碳中毒 #血氧监测
潜水员上浮过快为什么会得减压病？现场与后续的标准处理原则是什么？
Why does ascending too quickly cause decompression sickness, and what are the standard management principles both on scene and afterwards?
水下高压使氮气按亨利定律大量溶于血液和脂肪组织；上浮过快时环境压力骤降，氮气来不及经肺排出而过饱和析出成气泡。气泡堵塞微循环、牵拉神经组织并激活补体、凝血与炎症级联，引起关节痛（屈肢症）、皮疹、眩晕乃至截瘫。救治原则是立即改吸纯氧、充分补液，并尽快送入加压舱行再加压联合高压氧治疗。
Elevated underwater pressure drives large amounts of nitrogen into blood and fat according to Henry's law. When ascent outpaces elimination through the lungs, tissues become supersaturated and nitrogen bubbles form. Bubbles obstruct microcirculation, distend neural tissue, and ignite complement, coagulation and inflammatory cascades, producing joint pain (the bends), rash, vertigo, even paraplegia. Management calls for immediate 100% oxygen, generous fluids, and prompt transfer to a recompression chamber for compression combined with hyperbaric oxygen.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Vann RD 等．减压病综述．《柳叶刀》，2011；377(9760)：153-164
Vann RD, Butler FK, Mitchell SJ, Moon RE. Decompression illness. Lancet. 2011;377(9760):153-164
#减压病 #惰性气体气泡 #再加压治疗 #高压氧
不小心摔倒流血了怎么办？
What if you fall and bleed?
用干净纱布轻轻按住伤口止血，再请大人帮忙清洗和贴创可贴。
Press a clean cloth on the cut to stop bleeding, then ask an adult to clean it and put on a bandage.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国红十字会《急救手册：出血控制》
American Red Cross: First Aid — Bleeding control
#伤口 #儿童安全
鼻子出血时应该怎么做？
What should you do when your nose bleeds?
身体微微前倾，用手指捏住鼻翼压迫止血，不要仰头。一般几分钟后就能止住，如果流血不止要告诉大人或就医。
Lean slightly forward and pinch the soft part of the nose to apply pressure; do not tilt the head back. It usually stops within a few minutes, but if it continues, tell an adult or see a doctor.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#鼻出血 #按压 #急救
受伤流血时首先该做什么？
What should you do first when someone is bleeding from a wound?
先用干净的纱布或布料直接按压伤口止血，并抬高受伤部位。如果出血严重或止不住，应立刻拨打急救电话。
First press directly on the wound with a clean cloth or gauze to stop the bleeding and raise the injured area. If bleeding is severe or won't stop, call emergency services immediately.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#止血 #伤口 #急救
为什么怀疑低血糖昏迷时要立即给糖，而不是先等送医院？
Why give sugar at once if hypoglycemia unconsciousness is suspected, instead of waiting for hospital?
严重低血糖会让大脑缺能量，数分钟内就可致抽搐、昏迷甚至脑损伤，而静脉葡萄糖通常要等急救到达才可用。对尚有吞咽反射者应立即给糖水、糖果或葡萄糖凝胶，昏迷无吞咽时则不可强行喂食以免呛入气道，须等待肌注或静推葡萄糖。随身备糖是糖尿病友的关键常识。
Severe hypoglycemia starves the brain and within minutes can cause seizures, coma or damage, while IV glucose often arrives only with the ambulance. Anyone still able to swallow should get sugar water, candy or glucose gel at once; if unconscious, do not force-feed (risk of aspiration) and wait for intramuscular or IV glucose. Carrying sugar is key knowledge for people with diabetes.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国糖尿病学会(ADA)《低血糖》指南；《中国糖尿病急救共识》
ADA "Hypoglycemia" guideline; Chinese Diabetes Emergency Consensus
#低血糖 #昏迷 #给糖 #糖尿病急救
眼睛进异物或化学品怎么办？
What if something or chemicals get in the eye?
立即用大量清水冲洗至少15分钟，不要揉眼；若是化学品或持续疼痛、视力模糊，冲洗后尽快就医。
Flush with clean water for at least 15 minutes and don't rub. For chemicals or persistent pain/blurred vision, seek care after rinsing.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#眼外伤 #冲洗
流鼻血时该怎么做？
What should you do for a nosebleed?
身体前倾、捏住鼻翼几分钟，用口呼吸，不要后仰以免血液流入喉咙。
Lean forward, pinch the soft part of the nose for a few minutes, breathe through your mouth, and don't tilt back.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国红十字会《急救手册：鼻出血》
American Red Cross: First Aid — Nosebleed
#鼻出血 #急救
心肺复苏为什么要压得那么深那么快?按压中断几秒就会前功尽弃吗?
Why must CPR compressions go so deep and fast — do pauses really undo progress?
心脏骤停后每延迟一分钟除颤,生存率下降约一成;高质量按压是用胸廓当泵,把血手动挤向大脑与心脏本身。指南要求深度5至6厘米、频率每分钟100至120次,因为过浅过慢产生的血流不足以维持器官活性;按压中断(比如换人拖沓)会让冠脉灌注压断崖下跌,恢复需重新积累,所以强调最小化中断与每两分钟轮换防止疲劳。人工呼吸比过去淡化:未受训者持续按压优于犹豫;溺水与儿童等缺氧病因仍需通气。学一次CPR,你可能是除颤器到来前某人唯一的桥。
Survival drops about ten percent per minute without defibrillation; high-quality compression turns the chest into a pump, manually driving blood to brain and heart muscle. Guidelines demand five-to-six-centimeter depth at 100-120 per minute because shallower, slower pushes cannot sustain organ perfusion; interruptions crash coronary perfusion pressure that takes time to rebuild, hence minimal pauses and two-minute swaps against fatigue. Rescue breaths matter less than before: untrained bystanders should push continuously, though drowning and children still need air. Learn CPR — you may be the bridge until the defibrillator arrives.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《默克家庭医学手册》Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 中译版,人民卫生出版社
The Merck Manual Home Health Handbook, Chinese ed., PMPH
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787117181631（按标识回读: 默克家庭医学手册）
#心肺复苏 #胸外按压 #生存链
打喷嚏的时候,为什么要用手肘挡住鼻子?
Why cover your nose with your elbow when you sneeze?
打喷嚏像一场小小的风暴,喷出来的小水珠里可能藏着细菌。用手肘挡住,细菌就飞不远,不会落到玩具和小朋友身上。手掌会摸这摸那,手肘才是最好的挡风墙!
A sneeze is a tiny storm full of droplets that may carry germs. Blocking with your elbow keeps germs from flying onto toys and friends. Hands touch everything, so your elbow is the best windbreak!
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
韩启德总主编《十万个为什么》(第六版),少年儿童出版社,2013
Han Qide chief ed., Ten Thousand Whys, 6th edition, Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
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