乳糜泻和“吃面食不舒服”是一回事吗？
Is coeliac disease the same as feeling unwell after eating wheat?
乳糜泻是一种自身免疫病：携带HLA-DQ2或DQ8基因的人摄入小麦、大麦、黑麦中的麦胶蛋白后，免疫反应会破坏小肠绒毛，导致腹泻、贫血、体重下降和儿童生长迟缓。它不同于非乳糜泻麦胶敏感（无肠道损伤）和小麦过敏（IgE介导的速发反应）。诊断需在仍在吃含麦胶食物时做血清抗体加小肠活检，确诊后必须终身严格无麦胶饮食。
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder: in people carrying HLA-DQ2 or DQ8, gluten from wheat, barley and rye triggers an immune reaction that destroys the small-intestinal villi, causing diarrhoea, anaemia, weight loss and, in children, poor growth. It differs from non-coeliac gluten sensitivity, which causes no intestinal damage, and from wheat allergy, an IgE-mediated immediate reaction. Diagnosis requires serological antibodies plus a small-bowel biopsy while still eating gluten, and treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
世界胃肠病学组织（WGO）全球指南
World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines
#乳糜泻 #麦胶蛋白 #小肠绒毛 #无麦胶饮食
炎症性肠病中克罗恩病与溃疡性结肠炎在病理和内镜表现上如何鉴别？
How do Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis differ on histopathology and endoscopy?
克罗恩病的典型内镜表现为节段性（跳跃性）分布、纵行溃疡和铺路石样改变，病理可见非干酪性肉芽肿及全壁层炎。溃疡性结肠炎则为自直肠起连续性、对称性受累，黏膜呈颗粒脆碎伴浅表弥漫溃疡，病理以隐窝结构扭曲、隐窝脓肿为特征而一般无肉芽肿。
Crohn's disease typically shows segmental (skip) distribution, longitudinal ulcers, and cobblestone appearance endoscopically, with non-caseating granulomas and transmural inflammation histologically. Ulcerative colitis presents as continuous symmetric involvement starting from the rectum, with granular friable mucosa and superficial diffuse ulcers, characterized histologically by crypt distortion and crypt abscesses but usually without granulomas.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
中华医学会消化病学分会《中国炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2018年·北京)》 ; 另见: ECCO Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis
ECCO Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis ; see also: 中华医学会消化病学分会《中国炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见(2018年·北京)》
#胃肠病学 #炎症性肠病鉴别
对完成幽门螺杆菌根除治疗准备复查的患者,为何必须强调停用质子泵抑制剂至少两周后再行尿素呼气试验?
In patients scheduled for post-eradication testing, why must proton pump inhibitors be stopped for at least two weeks before performing a urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori?
质子泵抑制剂强力抑酸使胃内pH持续升高,幽门螺杆菌会因此从胃窦向胃体近端迁移,并可暂时转变为球形变异体,尿素酶活性随之显著下降。此状态下呼气试验常出现假阴性,把未根除误判为成功。故推荐停用PPI至少两周、抗生素与铋剂停用四周后再检测,以确保结果可信。
By profoundly suppressing acid secretion, proton pump inhibitors sustain a high intragastric pH that drives H. pylori to migrate proximally from the antrum into the corpus and sometimes to convert transiently into coccoid forms with markedly reduced urease activity. Under these conditions breath testing frequently returns false negatives, mislabeling persistent infection as successful eradication. Guidance therefore recommends withholding PPIs for at least two weeks, and antibiotics plus bismuth for four weeks, before testing.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Malfertheiner 等,《Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report》,Gut,2022 (DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745)
Malfertheiner et al., 'Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report', Gut, 2022, DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745
#幽门螺杆菌 #尿素呼气试验
“烧心”反酸（胃食管反流）是怎么发生的？
What causes heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux?
食管下端的贲门肌肉像一道单向阀门，当它张力下降或频繁自发松弛时，胃酸就会向上倒流刺激食管黏膜，产生胸骨后烧灼感和反酸。肥胖、腹压增高、吸烟、饮酒、大量进食后立刻躺下都会加重反流。少量多餐、睡前3小时不进食、抬高床头、减重效果明确；症状频繁或出现吞咽困难、体重下降、呕血时需就医评估。
The muscle at the lower end of the oesophagus works like a one-way valve; when its tone drops or it relaxes too often, stomach acid washes back and irritates the oesophageal lining, producing burning behind the breastbone and sour regurgitation. Obesity, raised abdominal pressure, smoking, alcohol and lying down straight after a large meal all make reflux worse. Smaller meals, no food within three hours of bed, raising the head of the bed and weight loss clearly help; frequent symptoms, difficulty swallowing, weight loss or vomiting blood need medical assessment.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#胃食管反流 #烧心 #生活方式调整 #抑酸药
肠易激综合征（IBS）是什么？
What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
IBS 是一种常见功能性肠病，表现为反复腹痛伴排便习惯改变（腹泻、便秘或交替），但肠镜等检查无结构性病变。与肠道敏感、脑-肠轴异常和压力相关，靠饮食调整与对症管理。
IBS is a common functional bowel disorder with recurrent abdominal pain and changed bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or both) without structural abnormality on tests. It links to gut sensitivity, brain-gut axis changes, and stress, managed by diet and symptom control.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
罗马基金会《罗马 IV 功能性胃肠病诊断标准》
Rome Foundation Rome IV Criteria for Functional GI Disorders
#肠易激综合征 #腹痛 #消化
病毒性肝炎主要有哪几种？如何预防？
What are the main types of viral hepatitis and how are they prevented?
常见有甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型、戊型。甲型和戊型经污染食物水传播，乙肝、丙肝经血液和母婴传播。甲肝、乙肝已有疫苗；慢性乙肝可通过规范抗病毒长期控制病情（目前难以根治），丙肝多数可经规范抗病毒治疗实现治愈。
The main types are A, B, C, D, and E. A and E spread via contaminated food/water; B and C spread through blood and mother-to-child. Vaccines exist for A and B. Chronic hepatitis B can be controlled long-term with antiviral therapy (currently not curable), while most hepatitis C can be cured with standard antiviral treatment.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
世界卫生组织（WHO）《病毒性肝炎全球卫生部门战略》
World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis
#肝炎 #乙肝 #疫苗
幽门螺杆菌和胃溃疡、胃癌是什么关系？
How is Helicobacter pylori related to peptic ulcers and stomach cancer?
幽门螺杆菌能分泌尿素酶中和胃酸、定居在胃黏膜层下，引起慢性活动性胃炎，是大多数胃溃疡和绝大多数十二指肠溃疡的元凶。国际癌症研究机构把它列为1类致癌物，长期感染显著增加胃癌风险。它的发现推翻了“溃疡全是压力和辣食造成”的旧观念，马歇尔和沃伦因此获2005年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖；如今用抗生素联合抑酸药的根除方案即可治愈。
Helicobacter pylori secretes urease to neutralize acid and settles beneath the gastric mucus layer, producing chronic active gastritis; it is behind most gastric ulcers and the great majority of duodenal ulcers. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies it as a Group 1 carcinogen, since long-term infection markedly raises the risk of stomach cancer. Its discovery overturned the old belief that ulcers were caused purely by stress and spicy food, earning Marshall and Warren the 2005 Nobel Prize, and eradication with antibiotics plus acid suppression now cures the infection.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
国际癌症研究机构（IARC）专著
IARC Monographs, International Agency for Research on Cancer
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL9260000W：International Agency fo
#幽门螺杆菌 #胃溃疡 #胃癌 #根除治疗
胆汁有什么用，切了胆囊还能正常消化吗？
What does bile do, and can you still digest food after the gallbladder is removed?
胆汁由肝脏持续分泌，其中的胆盐像洗涤剂一样把脂肪乳化成微小油滴，大大增加脂肪酶的作用面积，同时帮助吸收脂溶性维生素A、D、E、K。胆囊的作用是储存并浓缩胆汁，在进食后集中排入肠道。切除胆囊后胆汁改为持续少量流入十二指肠，多数人消化功能接近正常，只是术后初期吃大量油腻食物可能腹泻，宜逐步适应。
Bile is secreted continuously by the liver, and its bile salts act like detergent, emulsifying fat into tiny droplets that greatly expand the surface available to lipase while also aiding absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile and releases it in a bolus after a meal. Once the gallbladder is removed, bile simply drips continuously into the duodenum, and digestion is close to normal for most people - though very fatty meals may cause loose stools early on, so it is best to adapt gradually.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#胆汁 #胆盐 #脂肪乳化 #胆囊切除
什么是乳糜泻？
What is celiac disease?
乳糜泻是一种对麸质（小麦、大麦、黑麦中的蛋白质）的自身免疫性肠病，进食麸质会损伤小肠绒毛，导致腹泻、贫血和营养不良。唯一有效治疗是终身严格无麸质饮食。
Celiac disease is an autoimmune intestinal disorder triggered by gluten (a protein in wheat, barley, rye); eating gluten damages the small-intestinal villi, causing diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition. The only effective treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
世界胃肠病组织（WGO）乳糜泻实践指南
World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO) Practice Guideline on Celiac Disease
#乳糜泻 #麸质 #自身免疫
没有报警症状的幽门螺杆菌感染者,是不是都必须接受根除治疗?
Should every patient infected with Helicobacter pylori receive eradication therapy even when no alarm symptoms are present?
京都全球共识推荐对活动性消化性溃疡、早期胃癌内镜下切除术后及胃MALT淋巴瘤患者必须根除。对无症状携带者或仅有消化不良者,根除仍可降低终身胃癌风险,并能改善一部分功能性消化不良,故多数指南倾向检出即治疗。方案选择应结合当地克拉霉素耐药率、既往大环内酯类用药史与患者意愿个体化决定。
The Kyoto global consensus makes eradication mandatory for active peptic ulcer disease, after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer, and for gastric MALT lymphoma. For asymptomatic carriers or those with dyspepsia, eradication still lowers lifetime gastric cancer risk and relieves functional dyspepsia in a subset of patients, so most guidelines favor treating once infection is detected. The regimen should be individualized according to local clarithromycin resistance rates, prior macrolide exposure, and patient preference.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Sugano 等,《Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis》,Gut,2015 (DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252)
Sugano et al., 'Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis', Gut, 2015, DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252
#幽门螺杆菌 #根除治疗
乳糖不耐受是怎么回事？
What is lactose intolerance?
乳糖不耐受是因肠道乳糖酶不足，无法完全分解奶中乳糖，导致饮奶后腹胀、腹泻、排气。它不同于牛奶蛋白过敏，可通过少量多次、选用低乳糖奶制品或补充乳糖酶缓解。
Lactose intolerance is the inability to fully digest milk sugar (lactose) due to low lactase enzyme, causing bloating, diarrhea, and gas after dairy. Unlike milk-protein allergy, it can be eased by smaller servings, low-lactose products, or lactase supplements.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#乳糖不耐受 #腹泻 #营养