免疫力为什么会随年龄下降？
Why does immunity decline with age?
随着年龄增长，胸腺萎缩、免疫细胞（如T细胞）更新变慢，导致对新病原体的反应减弱，这也是老年人更易感染、疫苗效果较差的原因。
With age, the thymus shrinks and immune cells like T cells renew more slowly, weakening responses to new pathogens, which is why older adults get infections more easily and respond less to vaccines.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#衰老 #免疫
什么是自身免疫疾病？
What are autoimmune diseases?
自身免疫疾病是免疫系统错误地把自身组织当作外来物攻击而导致的疾病，如类风湿关节炎、1型糖尿病。其成因与遗传、环境和免疫调控失常有关。
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, such as in rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Causes involve genetics, environment, and failed immune regulation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#自身免疫 #疾病
什么是过敏原和过敏反应？
What are allergens and allergic reactions?
过敏原是会引发过敏的物质（如花粉、花生），过敏反应是免疫系统对这些通常无害的物质过度防卫，释放组胺等导致瘙痒、红肿。
Allergens are substances like pollen or peanuts that trigger allergies; the reaction is the immune system over-defending against harmless things, releasing histamine and causing itching and swelling.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#过敏 #组胺
为什么有些人接种后会轻微发烧？
Why do some people get a mild fever after vaccination?
疫苗让免疫系统误以为遇到真实病原体，从而激活并产生抗体与记忆细胞，有时会伴随轻微发烧。这是身体正在建立保护力的正常表现。
A vaccine makes the immune system act as if facing a real threat, activating to produce antibodies and memory cells, sometimes causing a mild fever. This is a normal sign the body is building protection.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Abbas AK等,Cellular and Molecular Immunology(细胞与分子免疫学)第9版,Saunders/Elsevier,2017
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 9th ed., Saunders/Elsevier, 2017
#疫苗 #免疫应答
抗体是如何保护我们的？
How do antibodies protect us?
抗体是免疫系统制造的特殊蛋白质，能像钥匙配锁一样黏住特定病菌，标记它们让其他免疫细胞消灭。一种抗体通常只对一种敌人有效。
Antibodies are special proteins made by the immune system that latch onto specific germs like a key fits a lock, marking them for destruction. One antibody usually targets only one kind of enemy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#抗体 #免疫
什么是白细胞？
What are white blood cells?
白细胞是血液中的一种免疫细胞，能吞噬病菌并参与身体防御。它们包括中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等多种类型。
White blood cells are immune cells in the blood that engulf germs and help defend the body. They include neutrophils, lymphocytes, and other types.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#白细胞 #免疫
为什么感冒时会流鼻涕？
Why does your nose run when you have a cold?
感冒病毒让鼻子里产生更多黏液来冲走病菌，所以会流鼻涕。这是身体在保护自己。
When you have a cold, the virus makes your nose produce extra mucus to wash away germs, so your nose runs. It is the body protecting itself.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#感冒 #鼻涕