器官移植为什么会发生排斥反应？
Why does the body reject a transplanted organ?
每个人细胞表面的HLA（人类白细胞抗原）分子组合几乎独一无二，受者的T细胞会把供者不同的HLA识别为“异己”而发起攻击。排斥可分为超急性（预存抗体，数分钟内）、急性（T细胞介导，数周至数月）和慢性（血管纤维化，数年）。因此移植前要做HLA配型和抗体筛查，术后需长期使用免疫抑制剂，代价是感染和肿瘤风险升高。
Each person's combination of HLA (human leukocyte antigen) molecules is almost unique, and the recipient's T cells recognize the donor's different HLA as foreign and attack it. Rejection may be hyperacute (pre-formed antibodies, within minutes), acute (T-cell mediated, weeks to months) or chronic (progressive vascular fibrosis over years). Hence HLA typing and antibody screening before transplant, and lifelong immunosuppression afterwards - at the price of higher risks of infection and malignancy.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
《Janeway免疫生物学》
Janeway's Immunobiology
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2981421W：Janeway's immunobiology
#移植排斥 #HLA #T细胞 #免疫抑制剂
免疫检查点抑制剂是怎么对抗肿瘤的？
How do immune checkpoint inhibitors fight tumors?
T 细胞表面有 CTLA-4、PD-1 等『刹车』分子，肿瘤细胞借 PD-L1 等与之结合来使 T 细胞失活。检查点抑制剂（如抗 CTLA-4 的 ipilimumab、抗 PD-1 的 pembrolizumab）松开刹车，恢复 T 细胞对肿瘤的杀伤。Allison 与 Honjo 因发现该机制获 2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。
T cells carry 'brake' molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1; tumors exploit ligands like PD-L1 to switch T cells off. Checkpoint inhibitors—anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab), anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab)—release the brake and restore tumor killing. Allison and Honjo won the 2018 Nobel Prize for this mechanism.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Hodi 等《ipilimumab 治疗晚期黑色素瘤》(NEJM, 2010)；Allison 与 Honjo《癌症免疫治疗的检查点》(Nature Reviews Immunology, 2015)；诺贝尔基金会《2018 年生理学或医学奖》
Hodi et al., 'Ipilimumab in advanced melanoma' (NEJM, 2010); Allison & Honjo, 'The checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy' (Nature Reviews Immunology, 2015); Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1056/nejmx180040：Neoadjuvant PD-1 Blockad · 核验依据 3 CROSSREF DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1003466（独立回读: Improved Surviv
#检查点抑制剂 #CTLA-4 #PD-1 #T细胞
RhD阴性的孕妇为什么要注射抗D免疫球蛋白？
Why do RhD-negative pregnant women receive anti-D immunoglobulin?
如果母亲是RhD阴性而胎儿RhD阳性，分娩、流产或产前出血时少量胎儿红细胞进入母体循环，会让母亲产生抗D的IgG抗体。这种抗体能通过胎盘，在下一次怀RhD阳性胎儿时破坏其红细胞，造成胎儿和新生儿溶血病、严重贫血甚至胎死宫内。在孕28周左右及产后72小时内注射抗D免疫球蛋白，可清除进入母体的胎儿红细胞、阻断致敏，使这种疾病大幅减少。
If the mother is RhD-negative and the fetus RhD-positive, a small number of fetal red cells entering her circulation at delivery, miscarriage or antepartum bleeding can prompt her to make anti-D IgG. That antibody crosses the placenta and, in a later RhD-positive pregnancy, destroys fetal red cells, causing haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn with severe anaemia or even stillbirth. Anti-D immunoglobulin given around 28 weeks and within 72 hours of delivery clears those fetal cells and prevents sensitization, which has made the disease far rarer.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#RhD阴性 #抗D免疫球蛋白 #新生儿溶血病 #孕期预防
什么是免疫缺陷？原发性与继发性有何不同？
What is immunodeficiency and how do primary and secondary differ?
免疫缺陷是免疫系统功能不足，易反复或严重感染。原发性多为遗传（如重症联合免疫缺陷）；继发性由后天因素引起，如 HIV 感染、化疗、营养不良。治疗因病因而异。
Immunodeficiency is insufficient immune function leading to frequent or severe infections. Primary forms are mostly genetic (e.g., severe combined immunodeficiency); secondary forms arise from acquired causes such as HIV infection, chemotherapy, or malnutrition. Treatment depends on the cause.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#免疫缺陷 #感染 #HIV
mRNA 疫苗是怎么让免疫系统学会识别病原体的？
How do mRNA vaccines teach the immune system to recognize a pathogen?
疫苗把编码病原体抗原（如病毒刺突蛋白）的 mRNA 送入人体细胞，细胞核糖体据此合成抗原蛋白并展示到表面，激活 T 细胞和 B 细胞产生抗体与免疫记忆。因为不携带活病毒，它本身不会致病，且设计和调整很快。Karikó 与 Weissman 对 mRNA 修饰的研究为这类疫苗打下基础。
The vaccine delivers mRNA encoding a pathogen antigen (such as a viral spike protein) into our cells; the cell's ribosomes make that antigen, display it, and activate T and B cells to produce antibodies and memory. Because no live virus is used, it cannot cause the disease and can be designed quickly. Karikó and Weissman's work on mRNA modifications laid the foundation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Karikó、Weissman 等《RNA 修饰抑制 Toll 样受体激活》(Immunity, 2005)；Pardi、Weissman 等《mRNA 疫苗》(Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2018)；美国 CDC《新冠 mRNA 疫苗》
Karikó, Weissman et al., 'Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors' (Immunity, 2005); Pardi, Hogan, Porter & Weissman, 'mRNA vaccines' (Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2018); US CDC, 'mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines'
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008：Suppression of
#mRNA疫苗 #抗原 #免疫记忆 #刺突蛋白
补体系统在免疫防御中扮演什么角色？
What role does the complement system play in immune defence?
补体是血浆中约30种蛋白构成的级联系统，可经经典途径（抗体触发）、凝集素途径（甘露糖识别）和替代途径（病原表面自发活化）启动。它的三大功能是：C3b等片段包裹病原体促进吞噬（调理作用）、C3a与C5a招募并激活炎症细胞、末端成分组装膜攻击复合物直接溶解细菌。末端补体缺陷者对脑膜炎球菌感染格外易感，而补体过度活化则见于阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿等病，可用靶向补体的抗体治疗。
Complement is a cascade of about thirty plasma proteins that can be triggered by the classical pathway (antibody-initiated), the lectin pathway (mannose recognition) or the alternative pathway (spontaneous activation on pathogen surfaces). Its three main jobs are opsonization, in which fragments such as C3b coat pathogens for phagocytosis; recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells by C3a and C5a; and assembly of the membrane attack complex that lyses bacteria directly. People with terminal complement deficiency are unusually vulnerable to meningococcal infection, while over-activation occurs in conditions such as paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, now treatable with complement-blocking antibodies.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
《Janeway免疫生物学》
Janeway's Immunobiology
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2981421W：Janeway's immunobiology
#补体系统 #调理作用 #膜攻击复合物 #脑膜炎球菌
为什么很多疫苗需要打加强针？
Why do many vaccines require booster shots?
初次接种产生的基础免疫会随时间衰减，加强针能再次刺激记忆 B 细胞和 T 细胞，使抗体水平和持久性显著提升。Plotkin 等总结，保护性往往取决于达到并维持一定的抗体『相关保护阈值』。
The initial immune response wanes over time; a booster re-stimulates memory B and T cells, sharply raising antibody levels and durability. Plotkin and others note that protection often depends on reaching and maintaining a certain antibody 'correlate of protection'.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Plotkin《疫苗诱导免疫的相关保护》(Clin Infect Dis, 2008)；Amanna 与 Slifka《免疫持久性》(Nature Reviews Immunology, 2010)；美国 CDC ACIP
Plotkin, 'Correlates of vaccine-induced immunity' (Clin Infect Dis, 2008); Amanna & Slifka, 'Maintaining vaccine immunity' (Nature Reviews Immunology, 2010); US CDC ACIP
#加强针 #免疫记忆 #抗体衰减 #相关保护
为什么输血时要严格匹配血型，否则会发生危险？
Why is blood-type matching critical for safe transfusion?
红细胞表面带有 A、B 抗原，血浆中则有对应的天然抗体；若把 A 型血输给 B 型者，受血者体内的抗 A 抗体会攻击外来红细胞，引发溶血、肾衰竭甚至休克。Landsteiner 在 1901 年发现 ABO 血型系统，奠定安全输血的基础。
Red cells carry A or B antigens while plasma holds natural antibodies against the missing one; giving type A blood to a type B person triggers antibodies that attack the donor cells, causing hemolysis, kidney failure, or shock. Landsteiner's 1901 discovery of the ABO system made safe transfusion possible.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Landsteiner《人类血液的凝集现象》(Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1901)；美国血库协会(AABB)《输血医学手册》
Landsteiner, 'Agglutination phenomena of human blood' (Wien Klin Wochenschr, 1901); AABB, 'Technical Manual'
#ABO血型 #抗原抗体 #溶血 #Landsteiner
过敏“脱敏治疗”是怎么起效的？
How does allergen immunotherapy (desensitization) work?
脱敏治疗通过反复给予逐渐增量的特定过敏原（皮下注射或舌下含服），诱导免疫系统产生调节性T细胞和具有阻断作用的IgG4抗体，从而降低IgE介导的反应强度。它是目前唯一可能改变过敏自然进程的治疗，对花粉、尘螨过敏性鼻炎和蜂毒过敏证据最充分，通常需持续3～5年。因为存在全身过敏反应风险，必须在有急救条件的医疗机构由专科医生实施。
Allergen immunotherapy gives repeated, gradually increasing doses of a specific allergen by injection or under the tongue, coaxing the immune system to generate regulatory T cells and blocking IgG4 antibodies that damp down the IgE-driven response. It is currently the only treatment that can alter the natural course of allergy, with the strongest evidence for pollen and house-dust-mite rhinitis and for bee venom, and it usually runs for three to five years. Because systemic allergic reactions are possible, it must be given by specialists in a setting equipped for emergencies.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
世界过敏组织（WAO）
World Allergy Organization (WAO)
#脱敏治疗 #过敏原 #调节性T细胞 #IgG4
『卫生假说』怎样解释过敏和自身免疫病越来越多？
How does the hygiene hypothesis explain rising allergies and autoimmune disease?
Strachan 在 1989 年提出：幼年接触细菌、寄生虫等微生物越少，免疫系统越缺乏『训练』，倾向于偏向 Th2/过敏方向并易攻击自身。大量研究支持生命早期微生物暴露与日后免疫失调风险相关。
Strachan proposed in 1989 that the less a young child meets microbes such as bacteria and parasites, the less 'trained' the immune system becomes, biasing it toward allergy and self-attack. Many studies link early-life microbial exposure to later immune-disorder risk.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Strachan《花粉症、卫生与家庭规模》(BMJ, 1989)；Okada 等《生命早期微生物群与过敏》(Nature, 2010)
Strachan, 'Hay fever, hygiene and household size' (BMJ, 1989); Okada et al., 'Early-life microbiome and allergy' (Nature, 2010)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259：Hay fever, hygiene
#卫生假说 #过敏 #微生物暴露 #免疫训练
单克隆抗体药物是如何被设计出来治病的？
How are monoclonal antibody drugs designed to treat disease?
Köhler 与 Milstein 在 1975 年发明杂交瘤技术，让单一 B 细胞克隆大量生产识别同一表位的抗体。如今工程师可替换人源化恒定区、保留靶向可变区，制造出中和毒素、阻断受体或标记癌细胞的药物。
Köhler and Milstein invented hybridoma technology in 1975, letting a single B-cell clone mass-produce antibodies against one epitope. Today we humanize the constant region while keeping the targeting variable region, yielding drugs that neutralize toxins, block receptors, or flag cancer cells.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Köhler & Milstein,《Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity》,Nature,1975 (DOI: 10.1038/256495a0)；Reichert《单克隆抗体药物综述》(MAbs, 2010)
Köhler & Milstein, 'Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity', Nature, 1975, DOI: 10.1038/256495a0; Reichert, 'Monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics' (MAbs, 2010)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1038/256495a0
#单克隆抗体 #杂交瘤 #人源化 #表位
过敏是怎么发生的？
How do allergies develop?
过敏是免疫系统对无害物质（如花粉、尘螨、某些食物）过度反应，释放组胺等导致打喷嚏、皮疹、喘息。严重时可发生危及生命的过敏性休克，需立即注射肾上腺素。
An allergy is an overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances (e.g., pollen, dust mites, some foods) that releases histamine, causing sneezing, rash, and wheezing. Severe cases can be life-threatening anaphylaxis needing immediate epinephrine.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
世界过敏组织（WAO）过敏白皮书
World Allergy Organization (WAO) White Book on Allergy
#过敏 #组胺 #免疫
疫苗是如何让身体产生保护的？
How do vaccines protect the body?
疫苗把减毒或灭活的病原体成分引入体内，训练免疫系统产生特异性抗体和记忆细胞。日后遇到真正病原体时，免疫系统能更快更强地清除它，从而预防疾病。
Vaccines introduce weakened or inactivated pathogen components to train the immune system to make specific antibodies and memory cells. Later, if the real pathogen appears, the immune system can eliminate it faster and stronger, preventing disease.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#疫苗 #免疫 #抗体