感染与炎症 Medicine & Health

11 个科学问题 · 医学健康 Medicine & Health

本页目录

为什么会出现抗生素耐药性?

Why does antibiotic resistance develop?

当抗生素使用不当或过度时,最敏感的细菌被杀死,而具有耐药基因的细菌存活并繁殖。耐药基因可在细菌间传播,最终导致药物失效。
When antibiotics are misused or overused, the most susceptible bacteria die while those carrying resistance genes survive and multiply. Resistance genes can spread among bacteria, eventually rendering drugs ineffective.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018

Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018

#耐药性 #抗生素 #进化

什么是败血症(脓毒症)?

What is sepsis?

败血症是感染引发全身失控的炎症反应,可导致器官衰竭和休克。它是急症,表现为高热或低体温、心率呼吸加快、神志改变,需立即抢救。
Sepsis is a life-threatening, body-wide runaway inflammatory response to infection that can lead to organ failure and shock. It is an emergency with high or low temperature, fast heart and breathing rates and confusion, requiring urgent care.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Singer M 等《脓毒症与脓毒性休克的第三次国际共识定义(Sepsis-3)》. JAMA, 2016

Singer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016.

#败血症 #感染 #休克

带状疱疹是什么?

What is shingles (herpes zoster)?

带状疱疹由潜伏在神经节里的水痘-带状疱疹病毒重新激活引起。它沿神经分布出现成簇疼痛水疱,常见于老年人或免疫力下降时。
Shingles is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus that has lain dormant in nerve ganglia. It produces clusters of painful blisters along a nerve distribution, often in older adults or when immunity drops.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018

J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018

#带状疱疹 #病毒 #神经痛

真菌感染常见吗?

Are fungal infections common?

真菌感染很常见,从皮肤癣、脚气到阴道念珠菌都属此类。多数仅在体表,但免疫力低下者可发生严重的深部真菌感染。
Fungal infections are common, ranging from athlete's foot and ringworm to yeast infections. Most stay on the surface, but people with weak immunity can develop serious deep fungal infections.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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Levinson《医学微生物学综述与免疫学》

Levinson. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

#真菌 #感染 #免疫低下

人体正常菌群是什么?

What is the body's normal flora (microbiome)?

正常菌群是长期寄居在皮肤、口腔、肠道等部位的微生物群落,通常与人体互利。它们帮助抵御有害菌、参与代谢并训练免疫系统。
Normal flora are the microbial communities living on the skin, in the mouth, gut and elsewhere, usually in a mutually beneficial relationship. They help fend off harmful microbes, aid metabolism and train the immune system.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。

Levinson《医学微生物学综述与免疫学》(正常菌群章节)

Levinson. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (normal flora chapter).

#正常菌群 #微生物 #免疫

病毒和细菌有什么不同?

What is the difference between viruses and bacteria?

细菌是能独立生存和繁殖的单细胞生物,部分可引起疾病。病毒更小,必须进入宿主细胞内才能复制,常引起流感、新冠等感染。
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that can live and reproduce on their own, and some cause disease. Viruses are smaller and must enter host cells to replicate, causing infections such as flu and COVID-19.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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Levinson《医学微生物学综述与免疫学》

Levinson. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

#病毒 #细菌 #微生物

抗生素是如何起作用的?

How do antibiotics work?

抗生素通过抑制细菌的细胞壁合成、蛋白质合成或DNA复制来杀灭或抑制细菌。它们对病毒无效,因此感冒等病毒感染不应使用。
Antibiotics kill or inhibit bacteria by blocking their cell-wall synthesis, protein synthesis or DNA replication. They do not work against viruses, so they should not be used for viral infections like the common cold.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Kohanski MA 等《抗生素如何杀死细菌:从靶点到网络》. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2010

Kohanski MA, et al. How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010.

#抗生素 #细菌 #感染

发烧是好事还是坏事?

Is a fever a good or a bad thing?

发烧是免疫系统对抗感染的正常反应,适度升温可抑制病原体并增强免疫细胞活性。但过高或持续不退的发热需要就医查明原因。
A fever is the immune system's normal response to infection; moderate heat can slow pathogens and boost immune cells. But very high or persistent fever needs medical evaluation to find the cause.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Kluger MJ《发热:致热原与解热原的作用》. Physiological Reviews, 1991

Kluger MJ. Fever: role of pyrogens and cryogens. Physiol Rev. 1991.

#发烧 #免疫 #感染

为什么伤口会红肿热痛?

Why do wounds become red, swollen, hot and painful?

这是急性炎症的典型表现,受伤后局部血管扩张、血流增加并渗出液体。免疫细胞聚集清理细菌和坏死组织,同时刺激神经产生痛感。
These are classic signs of acute inflammation: after injury, local vessels widen, blood flow increases and fluid leaks out. Immune cells gather to clear bacteria and dead tissue while stimulating nerves to cause pain.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。

Kumar《Robbins 疾病病理基础》(急性炎症章节)

Kumar. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease (acute inflammation chapter).

#伤口 #炎症 #修复

炎症是什么?

What is inflammation?

炎症是身体对损伤或感染的防御反应,表现为红、肿、热、痛和功能受限。它通过召集免疫细胞清除有害物并促进修复。
Inflammation is the body's defensive response to injury or infection, showing as redness, swelling, heat, pain and limited function. It recruits immune cells to clear the threat and promotes repair.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Medzhitov R《炎症的起源与生理作用》. Nature, 2008

Medzhitov R. Origin and physiological roles of inflammation. Nature. 2008.

#炎症 #免疫 #修复

白细胞有什么作用?

What do white blood cells do?

白细胞是免疫系统的核心成员,负责识别并消灭细菌、病毒和异常细胞。包括中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等多种类型,各有专长。
White blood cells are central to the immune system and identify and destroy bacteria, viruses and abnormal cells. Types such as neutrophils and lymphocytes each have specialized roles.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
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Guyton 与 Hall,《医学生理学教科书》(第13版,Elsevier,2016)

Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)

#白细胞 #免疫 #血液