肿瘤标志物升高就一定是癌症吗？
Does a raised tumor marker mean cancer for sure?
不一定。许多标志物也会因炎症、良性疾病或吸烟等升高，它们更常用于随访而非单独诊断，最终需影像与病理确认。
Not necessarily. Many markers also rise with inflammation, benign disease or smoking; they're better for follow-up than standalone diagnosis and need imaging or pathology to confirm.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Burtis、Bruns 与 Ashwood《Tietz 临床化学基础》（Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry，第7版）
Burtis, Bruns & Ashwood, Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry (7th edition)
#肿瘤标志物 #筛查 #化验
什么是C反应蛋白（CRP），它有什么用？
What is C-reactive protein (CRP) and what is it for?
CRP是肝脏在炎症时升高的蛋白，可反映体内炎症活动程度，常用于监测感染或慢性病的炎症状态。
CRP is a liver protein that rises with inflammation, reflecting how active it is - useful for tracking infections or chronic inflammatory states.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Pepys 与 Hirschfield《C 反应蛋白：关键更新》（Journal of Internal Medicine, 2003）
Pepys & Hirschfield, C-reactive protein: a critical update (Journal of Internal Medicine, 2003)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1172/jci18921c1：C-reactive protein: a cri
#CRP #炎症 #化验
面对低钠血症,如何用血浆渗透压和尿钠两项检验快速划分病因类别?
How are measured plasma osmolality and urine sodium used to sort out the underlying category of hyponatremia?
第一步看血渗透压:低渗性最常见,等渗结果提示假性低钠血症(高脂血症或高蛋白血症),高渗则见于高血糖造成的渗透性转移。确认低渗后再看尿钠:低于30 mmol/L 支持有效循环容量不足(肾外丢失或水肿状态),高于40 mmol/L 且无容量不足体征则指向抗利尿激素分泌不当综合征(SIADH)。SIADH 的确立还要求肾功能正常、近期未用利尿剂,并除外肾上腺皮质功能减退与甲状腺功能减退。
First interpret plasma osmolality: hypotonic hyponatremia is most common, isotonic results indicate pseudohyponatremia from hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia, and hypertonic values reflect solute shift such as severe hyperglycemia. Within hypotonic cases, urine sodium below 30 mmol/L points to effective circulating volume depletion from extrarenal losses or edema-forming states, whereas values above 40 mmol/L without signs of volume depletion support SIADH. Confirming SIADH additionally requires normal renal function, absence of recent diuretic use, and exclusion of glucocorticoid deficiency and hypothyroidism.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
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Spasovski 等（ESE/ESICM/ERS 指南组）,《Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia》,Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation,2014 (DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu040)
Spasovski et al. (ESE/ESICM/ERS Guideline Group), 'Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia', Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2014, DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu040
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1093/ndt/gfu040
#低钠血症 #实验室鉴别诊断
为什么化验单上的“参考范围”不是绝对的好坏线？
Why isn't a 'reference range' an absolute good/bad line?
参考范围来自健康人群的统计分布，个体略有偏差未必有病；医生会根据趋势和整体情况来解读。
Reference ranges come from healthy-population statistics; small individual deviations aren't always disease - doctors read them with trends and the whole picture.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
临床与实验室标准协会（CLSI）C28-A3《参考区间的定义、建立与验证》
Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) C28-A3: Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals
#参考范围 #化验 #解读
为什么抽血脂前要先空腹？
Why fast before a cholesterol blood test?
进食尤其高脂餐会短暂抬高血脂，空腹抽血能让甘油三酯等结果更稳定、可对比，便于准确评估。
Eating - especially fatty meals - briefly raises blood lipids; fasting gives steadier, comparable triglyceride results for accurate assessment.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
美国国家胆固醇教育计划（NCEP）ATP III 指南
National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) ATP III guidelines
#血脂 #空腹 #化验
血气分析中阴离子间隙升高常见于哪些情况，如何据此区分代谢性酸中毒类型？
In which situations does the anion gap rise on arterial blood gas analysis, and how does it help classify metabolic acidosis?
阴离子间隙升高提示体内未测定阴离子堆积，最常见于乳酸酸中毒、酮症酸中毒和肾功能不全所致的有机酸潴留，也见于水杨酸或甲醇等外源性物质中毒。计算阴离子间隙可将代谢性酸中毒分为高AG型与正常AG型：前者源于内源性产酸过多或毒物摄入，后者多因腹泻、肾小管酸中毒导致碳酸氢盐净丢失，处理方向因此不同。
An elevated anion gap indicates accumulation of unmeasured anions, most often from lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, and retention of organic acids in renal insufficiency, and it also occurs in poisoning by salicylates or methanol. Calculating the gap separates metabolic acidosis into high-anion-gap and normal-anion-gap types: the former reflects excess endogenous acid production or toxin ingestion, while the latter mainly results from bicarbonate loss through diarrhea or renal tubular acidosis, which directs management differently.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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尚红等主编《全国临床检验操作规程》第4版 酸碱平衡紊乱章节
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, acid-base disorders chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18390848W：Tietz textbook of clin
#检验医学 #阴离子间隙
血常规里的“白细胞”升高通常说明什么？
What does a high white-blood-cell count usually mean?
白细胞是免疫前线，数量升高常提示感染或炎症，但也可能因运动、应激等暂时变化，需结合其他指标判断。
White cells are immune front-liners; a rise often signals infection or inflammation, but exercise or stress can bump them too - context is needed.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
Burtis、Bruns 与 Ashwood《Tietz 临床化学基础》（Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry，第7版）
Burtis, Bruns & Ashwood, Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry (7th edition)
#白细胞 #血常规 #炎症