截肢后的“幻肢痛”是怎么产生的？
What causes phantom limb pain after amputation?
幻肢痛是截肢者感到已不存在的肢体仍在疼痛，机制是多层次的：残端神经末梢形成神经瘤并异常放电，脊髓背角出现敏化，大脑感觉皮层对应该肢体的区域被相邻区域侵占而发生重塑。因此它不是“心理作用”，而是真实的神经系统改变。镜像疗法、渐进想象训练、经皮电刺激和某些神经性疼痛药物可以帮助部分患者缓解。
Phantom limb pain is pain felt in a limb that is no longer there, and its mechanisms are layered: neuromas at the cut nerve endings fire abnormally, the spinal dorsal horn becomes sensitized, and the cortical area that once represented the limb is invaded and reorganized by neighbouring regions. It is therefore not “all in the mind” but a genuine change in the nervous system. Mirror therapy, graded motor imagery, transcutaneous electrical stimulation and certain neuropathic pain drugs help some patients.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Gray's Anatomy(格氏解剖学)Elsevier 多版
Susan Standring ed., Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9 (Elsevier)
#幻肢痛 #皮层重塑 #神经瘤 #镜像疗法
脑死亡是如何判定的，与昏迷有什么不同？
How is brain death determined, and how does it differ from coma?
脑死亡指包括脑干在内的全脑功能不可逆丧失。判定有严格前提：明确的致病原因、排除低体温、药物中毒、严重代谢紊乱等可逆因素；随后确认深昏迷、脑干反射全部消失（瞳孔、角膜、头眼、咽反射等）以及自主呼吸激发试验阴性，通常需两名有资质医师间隔一定时间独立完成，必要时辅以脑电图或脑血流检查。昏迷和植物状态的患者仍保留部分脑干功能与自主呼吸，与脑死亡有本质区别，判定标准的严谨性是器官捐献伦理与法律的基石。
Brain death means irreversible loss of all brain function, including the brainstem. Determination has strict prerequisites: a known cause and exclusion of reversible confounders such as hypothermia, drug intoxication and severe metabolic derangement. Examiners then confirm deep coma, absence of every brainstem reflex - pupillary, corneal, oculocephalic, pharyngeal and others - and a negative apnoea test, usually performed independently by two qualified physicians separated by an interval, with EEG or cerebral blood flow studies added when needed. Patients in coma or a vegetative state retain some brainstem function and spontaneous breathing, so they are fundamentally different, and the rigour of these criteria underpins the ethics and law of organ donation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Gray's Anatomy(格氏解剖学)Elsevier 多版
Susan Standring ed., Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9 (Elsevier)
#脑死亡 #脑干反射 #自主呼吸激发试验 #器官捐献伦理
髓鞘为什么能让神经信号传得更快？
Why does myelin make nerve signals travel faster?
髓鞘是施万细胞或少突胶质细胞包裹在轴突外的多层脂质绝缘层，它把电流“漏出”减到最低，只在髓鞘间断处的郎飞结允许离子跨膜，动作电位于是从一个结跳到下一个结，称为跳跃式传导。有髓粗纤维传导速度可达每秒上百米，而无髓细纤维只有每秒约1米。这也解释了为什么脱髓鞘疾病会造成传导变慢、动作笨拙和感觉异常。
Myelin is a multilayered lipid sheath wrapped around axons by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes; it minimizes current leakage and confines ion flow to the nodes of Ranvier between segments, so the action potential jumps from node to node in what is called saltatory conduction. Large myelinated fibres can conduct at over a hundred metres per second, whereas thin unmyelinated fibres manage only about one metre per second. This is also why demyelinating diseases slow conduction and cause clumsiness and abnormal sensation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#髓鞘 #郎飞结 #跳跃式传导 #神经传导速度
多发性硬化为什么会引起五花八门的症状？
Why does multiple sclerosis cause such varied symptoms?
多发性硬化是免疫系统攻击中枢神经系统髓鞘的自身免疫病，病灶在空间上散布于脑、脊髓和视神经，在时间上反复出现，所谓“时空多发”。哪个部位脱髓鞘，就出现相应功能障碍：视神经受累导致视力下降，脊髓病灶引起麻木或无力，脑干病灶造成眩晕和眼球运动异常。多数患者起病为复发缓解型，疾病修饰治疗可减少复发和残疾累积。
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks myelin in the central nervous system, producing lesions scattered across the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves and recurring over time - dissemination in space and time. Symptoms depend on where demyelination occurs: optic nerve lesions blur vision, spinal cord lesions cause numbness or weakness, and brainstem lesions bring vertigo and abnormal eye movements. Most patients start with a relapsing-remitting course, and disease-modifying therapies reduce relapses and the build-up of disability.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Gray's Anatomy(格氏解剖学)Elsevier 多版
Susan Standring ed., Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9 (Elsevier)
#多发性硬化 #脱髓鞘 #自身免疫 #疾病修饰治疗
偏头痛与普通头痛有什么区别？
How does a migraine differ from a regular headache?
偏头痛常为中重度搏动性头痛，多偏于一侧，可伴恶心、呕吐及对光声敏感，部分人在发作前有视物先兆。普通紧张型头痛多为双侧压迫感、程度较轻。
A migraine is typically a moderate-to-severe throbbing pain, often on one side, with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound; some people have visual aura beforehand. Tension-type headaches are usually mild bilateral pressing sensations.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际头痛协会（International Headache Society, IHS）《头痛疾病国际分类》
International Headache Society (IHS) International Classification of Headache Disorders
#偏头痛 #头痛 #神经
癫痫发作时，大脑里发生了什么？
What happens in the brain during an epileptic seizure?
癫痫发作是大量神经元异常同步地过度放电，兴奋与抑制之间的平衡被打破。放电局限在某个脑区时表现为局灶性发作，扩散到双侧大脑时则出现意识丧失和全身抽搐。世界卫生组织估计全球约有5000万癫痫患者，其中约七成通过规范抗癫痫药物治疗可以长期不发作。旁人应保护头部、清除周围危险物，不要往嘴里塞东西，发作超过5分钟须立即呼叫急救。
A seizure is an abnormal, excessive and synchronized discharge of large groups of neurons, reflecting a breakdown in the balance between excitation and inhibition. When the discharge stays in one brain region it produces a focal seizure; when it spreads to both hemispheres, consciousness is lost and generalized convulsions occur. WHO estimates about 50 million people worldwide have epilepsy, and roughly 70% can become seizure-free with appropriate medication. Bystanders should protect the head and clear hazards, never put anything in the mouth, and call emergency services if a seizure lasts more than five minutes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Kandel《神经科学原理》（Principles of Neural Science，癫痫章节）；国际抗癫痫联盟（ILAE）
Kandel. Principles of Neural Science (epilepsy chapter); International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE).
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787111430810（豆瓣书目条目: 神经科学原理）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面点名的
#癫痫 #同步放电 #抗癫痫药 #发作急救
癫痫发作时旁人应如何正确施救？
How should bystanders help during an epileptic seizure?
应保护患者头部、移开周围危险物，让其侧卧，不要强行按住或往嘴里塞东西。发作通常数分钟自行停止；若超过 5 分钟、连续发作或出现呼吸困难，应立即呼救。
Protect the head, clear nearby hazards, and place the person on their side; do not restrain them or put anything in the mouth. Seizures usually stop within minutes; call emergency services if one lasts over 5 minutes, repeats, or breathing is impaired.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
国际抗癫痫联盟（International League Against Epilepsy, ILAE）
International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE)
#癫痫 #抽搐 #急救
帕金森病的主要表现有哪些？
What are the main features of Parkinson's disease?
帕金森病是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，核心表现为静止性震颤、肌肉僵直、动作迟缓和姿势平衡障碍。主要因脑内多巴胺能神经元退化所致，多用药物补充多巴胺改善症状。
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, caused mainly by loss of dopamine-producing neurons. Medications that replenish dopamine help manage symptoms.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Gray's Anatomy(格氏解剖学)Elsevier 多版
Susan Standring ed., Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9 (Elsevier)
#帕金森病 #神经退行 #多巴胺
阿尔茨海默病早期有哪些信号？
What are early signs of Alzheimer's disease?
早期常见近期记忆减退（如反复问同样问题）、找不到合适词语、完成熟悉任务困难、判断力下降及性格改变。它不是正常老化，需由专业医生评估。
Early signs include short-term memory loss (e.g., repeating questions), word-finding difficulty, trouble completing familiar tasks, impaired judgment, and personality changes. It is not normal aging and requires professional evaluation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
世界卫生组织（WHO）《痴呆症公共卫生应对全球行动计划》
World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia
#阿尔茨海默病 #痴呆 #记忆
面瘫（贝尔面瘫）是怎么回事，和中风怎么区分？
What is Bell's palsy, and how is it told apart from a stroke?
贝尔面瘫是面神经（第七对颅神经）的急性周围性麻痹，多认为与病毒感染后神经水肿受压有关，表现为一侧面部整体无力，包括额纹消失、眼睛闭不紧、口角下垂。中风引起的中枢性面瘫通常保留抬眉功能，且常伴肢体无力或言语障碍，属于急症。贝尔面瘫在起病72小时内使用糖皮质激素可提高恢复率，多数患者数周至数月内明显好转。
Bell's palsy is an acute peripheral paralysis of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), widely thought to involve post-viral swelling and compression of the nerve; it weakens one whole side of the face, so the forehead cannot wrinkle, the eye will not close fully and the corner of the mouth droops. A stroke causes central facial weakness that usually spares eyebrow raising and comes with limb weakness or speech problems - a medical emergency. Corticosteroids started within 72 hours improve recovery from Bell's palsy, and most people improve substantially over weeks to months.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Gray's Anatomy(格氏解剖学)Elsevier 多版
Susan Standring ed., Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9 (Elsevier)
#贝尔面瘫 #面神经 #糖皮质激素 #与中风鉴别
如何快速识别脑卒中（中风）？
How can you quickly recognize a stroke?
可用「FAST」口诀：Face（脸部口角歪斜）、Arms（手臂单侧无力）、Speech（言语含糊）、Time（立即拨打急救电话）。时间就是大脑，越早治疗（如静脉溶栓）预后越好。
Use the "FAST" mnemonic: Face drooping, Arm weakness on one side, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency services. Time is brain—earlier treatment (e.g., clot-busting drugs) improves outcomes.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Gray's Anatomy(格氏解剖学)Elsevier 多版
Susan Standring ed., Gray's Anatomy, Elsevier, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-7020-5230-9 (Elsevier)
#脑卒中 #FAST #急救
什么是脑震荡？受伤后应注意什么？
What is a concussion and what should you watch for after one?
脑震荡是头部受撞击后出现的轻度脑功能暂时紊乱，可有头痛、头晕、注意力不集中。应充分休息并避免再次撞击；若出现持续呕吐、意识模糊、一侧肢体无力等「危险信号」须立即就医。
A concussion is a mild temporary brain dysfunction after a head impact, with headache, dizziness, and poor concentration. Rest and avoiding repeat impacts are key; seek immediate care for red flags like persistent vomiting, confusion, or one-sided weakness.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）《HEADS UP 脑震荡指南》
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HEADS UP Concussion Guidelines
#脑震荡 #脑外伤 #神经