肺功能检查里的FEV1/FVC说明什么？
What does the FEV1/FVC ratio in a lung function test tell us?
FEV1是用力呼气第一秒的容积，FVC是用力肺活量，两者的比值反映气道是否存在阻塞。按GOLD标准，吸入支气管扩张剂后FEV1/FVC仍低于0.70，提示持续性气流受限，是诊断慢阻肺的关键指标。哮喘患者虽然发作时比值也降低，但使用扩张剂后通常明显可逆，这一点是重要区别。
FEV1 is the volume forcefully exhaled in the first second and FVC is the forced vital capacity; their ratio shows whether airflow is obstructed. By GOLD criteria, an FEV1/FVC still below 0.70 after inhaling a bronchodilator indicates persistent airflow limitation and is central to diagnosing COPD. In asthma the ratio also falls during an attack, but it usually improves markedly after a bronchodilator - a key distinguishing feature.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#肺功能 #FEV1/FVC #慢阻肺 #可逆性试验
早产儿为什么容易发生呼吸窘迫？
Why are premature babies prone to respiratory distress?
肺泡内表面覆盖一层由II型肺泡上皮细胞分泌的肺表面活性物质，它降低表面张力，防止呼气末肺泡塌陷。这种物质在孕34～36周后才充分产生，早产儿因缺乏它而出现肺泡萎陷、氧交换不足，即新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征。产前给母亲使用糖皮质激素促进成熟，出生后经气管补充外源性表面活性物质，已显著降低早产儿死亡率。
The inner surface of the alveoli is lined with pulmonary surfactant secreted by type II alveolar cells, which lowers surface tension and keeps alveoli from collapsing at the end of expiration. Adequate amounts appear only after about 34-36 weeks of gestation, so preterm infants lack it, their alveoli collapse and gas exchange fails - neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Antenatal corticosteroids given to the mother to speed maturation, plus exogenous surfactant delivered into the airway after birth, have sharply reduced preterm mortality.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《尼尔森儿科学》
Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787810717250（豆瓣书目条目: 尼尔森儿科学）
#肺表面活性物质 #早产儿 #呼吸窘迫综合征 #产前激素
什么是尘肺，为什么它无法治愈？
What is pneumoconiosis, and why can't it be cured?
尘肺是长期吸入矽尘、煤尘、石棉等无机粉尘引起的职业性肺病。粉尘颗粒被肺内巨噬细胞吞噬后持续释放炎症因子，逐渐把正常肺组织替换为瘢痕（纤维化），这一过程不可逆，即使脱离粉尘环境也可能继续进展。因此关键在于预防：湿式作业降尘、密闭通风、佩戴符合标准的防尘口罩以及定期职业健康监测。
Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease caused by years of inhaling inorganic dust such as silica, coal or asbestos. Dust particles engulfed by lung macrophages keep releasing inflammatory mediators that gradually replace healthy lung with scar tissue, and this fibrosis is irreversible - it may even progress after exposure stops. Prevention is therefore everything: wet drilling and dust suppression, enclosure and ventilation, certified respirators, and regular occupational health surveillance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
国际劳工组织（ILO）《尘肺病国际放射影像分类》；美国职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）
ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconiosis; NIOSH.
#尘肺 #矽尘 #肺纤维化 #职业防护
肺栓塞为什么容易被漏诊，又为什么如此危险？
Why is pulmonary embolism easily missed, and why is it so dangerous?
肺栓塞多由下肢深静脉血栓脱落后随血流堵塞肺动脉引起，早期症状常只是突然气短、胸痛或心率加快，很容易被当成焦虑或肌肉痛而延误。大块栓塞会急剧增加右心负荷，导致低血压、晕厥甚至猝死。突发不能解释的呼吸困难、咯血或伴一侧小腿肿痛时应立即就医，确诊主要靠CT肺动脉造影，治疗以抗凝为核心。
Pulmonary embolism usually begins as a clot in the deep leg veins that breaks off and lodges in a pulmonary artery, and its early signs may be only sudden breathlessness, chest pain or a fast pulse - easily mistaken for anxiety or muscle strain. A large embolus abruptly overloads the right heart, causing low blood pressure, collapse or even sudden death. Unexplained sudden dyspnoea, coughing up blood, or one swollen painful calf warrants immediate care; diagnosis rests mainly on CT pulmonary angiography and treatment on anticoagulation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 第20版,McGraw-Hill,2018
J. Loscalzo et al., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY ISBN 标识 9781259644047（按标识回读: Harrison's prin
#肺栓塞 #深静脉血栓 #抗凝治疗 #CT肺动脉造影