慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是什么？
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
COPD是一组以持续气流受限为特征的肺部疾病，主要由长期吸烟或空气污染引起。气道和肺泡受损导致呼气困难，且病变通常不可逆，需要长期管理。
COPD is a group of lung diseases marked by persistent airflow limitation, mainly caused by long-term smoking or air pollution. Damage to the airways and alveoli makes exhaling difficult, and the changes are usually irreversible, requiring long-term management.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#COPD #肺气肿 #吸烟
什么是睡眠呼吸暂停？
What is sleep apnea?
睡眠呼吸暂停是在睡眠中反复出现呼吸停止或变浅，导致血氧下降和睡眠片段化。最常见类型是阻塞性，因咽喉部气道塌陷所致，长期可增加心血管风险。
Sleep apnea is the repeated stopping or shallowing of breathing during sleep, lowering blood oxygen and fragmenting sleep. The most common type is obstructive, caused by collapse of the upper airway, and over time it raises cardiovascular risk.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#睡眠呼吸暂停 #气道 #缺氧
静脉血栓栓塞（VTE）的Virchow三要素指什么？
What are Virchow's triad factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE)?
Virchow三要素指导致静脉血栓形成的三类条件：血管内皮损伤、血流淤滞和血液高凝状态。深静脉血栓脱落后可随血流进入肺动脉造成肺栓塞。研究表明，长期制动、手术和肿瘤等常通过这三要素增加血栓风险，一般建议高危人群采取预防措施。
Virchow's triad describes three conditions favoring venous thrombosis: endothelial injury, stasis of blood flow, and a hypercoagulable state. A dislodged deep-vein thrombus can travel to the pulmonary arteries and cause pulmonary embolism. Prolonged immobility, surgery, and cancer raise risk through these mechanisms, so prophylaxis is advised in high-risk groups.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国胸科医师学会(ACCP)《静脉血栓栓塞抗栓治疗指南（第9版）》
American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP). Antithrombotic Therapy for VTE Disease, 9th ed.
#Virchow三要素 #静脉血栓 #肺栓塞
一氧化碳中毒是如何发生的？
How does carbon monoxide poisoning occur?
一氧化碳与血红蛋白的结合力比氧气强约200倍，会抢占红细胞上的氧结合位点。结果血液携氧能力骤降，造成组织隐性缺氧，严重时可致命。
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin about 200 times more strongly than oxygen, taking over the oxygen-binding sites on red blood cells. This sharply reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity, causing hidden tissue hypoxia that can be fatal.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Goldfrank《中毒急救》（Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies）
Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23060519W：Goldfrank's toxicologi
#一氧化碳 #血红蛋白 #中毒
什么是气胸？
What is a pneumothorax?
气胸是气体进入胸膜腔，压迫塌陷的肺组织，使肺无法正常扩张。可引起突发胸痛和呼吸困难，可由外伤、肺部疾病或自发破裂引起。
A pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space and collapses the lung so it cannot expand properly. It causes sudden chest pain and breathlessness and may result from injury, lung disease or a spontaneous rupture.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#气胸 #胸膜 #肺塌陷
急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的柏林定义包含哪些核心标准？
What are the core criteria of the Berlin definition of ARDS?
柏林定义要求急性起病、胸部影像显示双肺浸润、呼吸衰竭不能完全用心衰或液体过负荷解释，并按氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）分轻中重度。轻度为200<PaO2/FiO2≤300 mmHg（PEEP≥5 cmH2O），中重度进一步降低。该分型有助于统一研究和指导呼吸支持策略。
The Berlin definition requires acute onset, bilateral radiographic opacities, and respiratory failure not fully explained by heart failure or fluid overload, with severity graded by the PaO2/FiO2 ratio at a PEEP of at least 5 cmH2O. Mild is 200<PaO2/FiO2≤300 mmHg, with moderate and severe thresholds below. The grading standardizes research and guides ventilatory support.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA) 2012;307(23):2526-2533（ARDS柏林定义）
JAMA. 2012;307(23):2526-2533 (Berlin Definition of ARDS)
#ARDS #柏林定义 #氧合指数
缺氧性肺血管收缩（HPV）在生理和病理上有何意义？
What is the physiological and pathological significance of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV)?
当局部肺泡氧分压下降时，该区域肺小动脉收缩，使血流转向通气良好的区域，从而优化通气/血流匹配。这是肺部特有的代偿机制。但在广泛低氧（如高原或ARDS）时，普遍HPV可导致肺动脉高压和右心负荷加重。
When local alveolar oxygen falls, the corresponding pulmonary arterioles constrict, diverting blood to better-ventilated regions and improving ventilation–perfusion matching. This is a lung-specific compensatory mechanism. Under widespread hypoxia (e.g., altitude, ARDS), generalized HPV can raise pulmonary pressure and burden the right heart.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
《生理学》（朱大年、王庭槐主编，第9版），人民卫生出版社
Physiology (Zhu Danian & Wang Tinghuai, 9th ed.), People's Medical Publishing House
#缺氧性肺血管收缩 #通气/血流 #肺动脉高压
长期吸烟是如何导致慢性支气管炎和肺气肿的？
How does long-term smoking lead to chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
烟草烟雾中的有害物质损伤气道纤毛和上皮，引发慢性炎症反应并增加黏液分泌，形成慢性支气管炎。同时蛋白酶（如中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶）与抗蛋白酶失衡破坏肺泡壁，导致肺气肿和气体交换面积减少。研究表明戒烟可显著减缓肺功能下降速度。
Smoke toxins damage airway cilia and epithelium, triggering chronic inflammation and excess mucus production—chronic bronchitis. Protease–antiprotease imbalance then destroys alveolar walls, causing emphysema and loss of gas-exchange surface. Evidence shows smoking cessation markedly slows lung-function decline.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
全球慢阻肺倡议(GOLD)《2023 GOLD 慢阻肺全球策略》
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, 2023
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL40761348W：Global Strategy for th
#吸烟 #慢性支气管炎 #肺气肿
支气管哮喘本质上是一种什么样的疾病？
What kind of disease is bronchial asthma essentially?
哮喘是一种以慢性气道炎症为核心、伴可逆性气流受限和气道高反应性的疾病。炎症使气道对各种刺激敏感，发作时出现喘息、胸闷和咳嗽。一般通过肺功能与支气管激发或舒张试验协助诊断，并需长期规范抗炎治疗。
Asthma is fundamentally a chronic airway inflammatory disease with reversible airflow limitation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Inflammation makes the airways sensitive to triggers, producing wheeze, chest tightness, and cough. Diagnosis relies on spirometry with bronchoprovocation or bronchodilation testing, and long-term anti-inflammatory therapy is needed.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
全球哮喘防治创议(GINA)《2023全球哮喘管理与预防策略》
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2023
#哮喘 #气道炎症 #气流受限
哮喘是什么？
What is asthma?
哮喘是一种慢性气道炎症，使气道对各种刺激过度敏感、收缩变窄。发作时会出现喘息、胸闷和呼吸困难，常由过敏原、运动或冷空气诱发。
Asthma is a chronic airway inflammation that makes the airways overly sensitive and prone to narrowing. Attacks bring wheezing, chest tightness and breathlessness, often triggered by allergens, exercise or cold air.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
全球哮喘防治倡议（GINA）指南
GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guidelines.
#哮喘 #气道 #慢性炎症
缺氧时身体会发生什么？
What happens to the body when it lacks oxygen?
缺氧时，细胞无法获得足够氧气进行能量代谢，会出现头晕、气短、皮肤青紫。大脑对缺氧最敏感，持续缺氧可造成不可逆损伤。
Without enough oxygen, cells cannot carry out energy metabolism, leading to dizziness, shortness of breath and bluish skin. The brain is most sensitive to oxygen loss, and prolonged hypoxia can cause irreversible damage.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#缺氧 #血氧 #大脑
肺炎是怎么发生的？
How does pneumonia develop?
肺炎是肺部肺泡发炎并充满液体或脓液，常由细菌、病毒或真菌感染引起。它影响氧气交换，导致发热、咳嗽、咳痰和呼吸困难。
Pneumonia is inflammation of the lung's air sacs, which fill with fluid or pus, usually caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infection. It impairs oxygen exchange, causing fever, cough, phlegm and breathlessness.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#肺炎 #感染 #肺泡
慢阻肺（COPD）的确诊主要依赖什么检查？
What test is essential to confirm a diagnosis of COPD?
慢阻肺的确诊主要依赖肺功能检查，吸入支气管扩张剂后第一秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量比值（FEV1/FVC）低于0.70提示持续性气流受限。结合吸烟等高危因素和慢性咳喘症状可临床诊断。一般建议有危险因素者定期进行肺功能筛查。
COPD is confirmed mainly by spirometry: a post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.70 indicates persistent airflow limitation. A history of smoking or other risks plus chronic respiratory symptoms supports the diagnosis. Lung-function screening is advised for at-risk individuals.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
全球慢阻肺倡议(GOLD)《2023 GOLD 慢阻肺诊断、管理与预防全球策略》
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD, 2023
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL40761348W：Global Strategy for th
#慢阻肺 #肺功能 #FEV1/FVC
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）为何与心血管疾病风险相关？
Why is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) linked to cardiovascular risk?
OSA在睡眠中反复出现上气道塌陷导致呼吸暂停与间歇性低氧，激发交感神经兴奋和氧化应激。长期如此可升高血压、增加心律失常和心衰风险。一般建议中重度者使用持续气道正压（CPAP）治疗并控制体重。
OSA causes recurrent upper-airway collapse during sleep, producing apnea and intermittent hypoxia that activate sympathetic tone and oxidative stress. Over time this raises blood pressure and increases risks of arrhythmia and heart failure. Moderate-to-severe cases are generally managed with CPAP and weight control.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
美国睡眠医学会(AASM)《成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停诊断治疗指南》
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Clinical Practice Guideline for OSA in Adults
#睡眠呼吸暂停 #低氧 #心血管风险
哮喘急性发作时最常用的快速缓解药物是什么？
What is the most common quick-relief medication for acute asthma exacerbation?
急性发作时首选短效β2受体激动剂（如沙丁胺醇），它通过激动气道平滑肌上的β2受体迅速舒张支气管。这类药物用于缓解症状，但不能替代长期的抗炎控制治疗。一般建议在医生指导下备用并掌握正确的吸入方法。
Short-acting β2-agonists such as salbutamol are first-line for acute relief; they rapidly relax bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating β2-receptors. They relieve symptoms but do not replace long-term anti-inflammatory control. Patients are generally advised to keep a reliever and use correct inhaler technique.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
全球哮喘防治创议(GINA)《2023全球哮喘管理与预防策略》
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2023
#哮喘 #β2激动剂 #缓解药物
为什么感冒时会鼻塞？
Why does a stuffy nose happen with a cold?
感冒病毒引发鼻腔黏膜充血肿胀并分泌更多黏液，使鼻腔通道变窄。这是身体试图拦截和清除病毒的正常防御反应。
Cold viruses make the nasal lining swell with increased blood flow and produce more mucus, narrowing the passages. It is the body's normal defensive response to trap and clear the virus.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#鼻塞 #感冒 #黏膜
肺的主要功能是什么？
What is the main function of the lungs?
肺通过呼吸把氧气送入血液，并排出代谢产生的二氧化碳。这种气体交换在肺泡与毛细血管之间进行。
The lungs take oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide produced by metabolism. This gas exchange happens between the alveoli and the surrounding capillaries.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#肺 #呼吸 #气体交换
什么是肺活量？
What is lung capacity (vital capacity)?
肺活量是一个人用力吸气后能呼出的最大空气量，反映肺和呼吸肌的功能。它可通过肺量计测量，常随年龄和锻炼状况变化。
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a full inhalation, reflecting lung and breathing-muscle function. It is measured with a spirometer and changes with age and fitness.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#肺活量 #肺功能 #呼吸