为什么高海拔会让人呼吸困难？
Why does high altitude make breathing difficult?
高海拔空气稀薄、氧分压降低，肺泡中氧气向血液扩散的动力减弱，导致血氧下降，身体通过加快呼吸和心跳来代偿，因而感到气短。
At high altitude the air is thin and oxygen partial pressure drops, weakening oxygen diffusion into blood; the body compensates with faster breathing and heartbeat, causing shortness of breath.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#高海拔 #缺氧
稳定期慢阻肺患者如何根据GOLD综合评估结果选择长效支气管扩张剂方案？
How should long-acting bronchodilator therapy be chosen for a patient with stable COPD based on the GOLD combined assessment?
首先以肺功能证实持续气流受限（FEV1/FVC<0.70），再按症状负荷（mMRC或CAT评分）与既往加重史划入A、B、E三组。B组患者推荐单一长效支气管扩张剂（LAMA或LABA）；E组首选LAMA与LABA联合吸入，对仍有频繁加重的患者需结合外周血嗜酸粒细胞水平评估是否叠加ICS。近一年加重住院史和高嗜酸粒细胞计数是决定升阶治疗的关键参考指标。
First confirm persistent airflow limitation on spirometry (FEV1/FVC below 0.70), then assign the patient to group A, B, or E using symptom burden (mMRC or CAT score) and prior exacerbation history. Group B patients start a single long-acting bronchodilator (either LAMA or LABA); group E favors combined LAMA-LABA inhalation, and escalation to ICS is weighed against peripheral blood eosinophil levels when exacerbations persist. An exacerbation-related hospitalization within the past year and elevated eosinophil counts are the key markers guiding step-up decisions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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GOLD《慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊断、治疗与预防全球策略》（2024年报告）
Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, GOLD 2024 Report
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL40761348W：Global Strategy for th
#慢阻肺 #支气管扩张剂
肺泡在呼吸中起什么作用？
What role do alveoli play in breathing?
肺泡是肺里无数微小的气囊，外面布满毛细血管，氧气在这里进入血液，二氧化碳从这里排出，是气体交换的场所。
Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves, the site of gas exchange.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#肺泡 #气体交换
结核病是如何传播的？哪些人风险更高？
How is tuberculosis spread and who is at higher risk?
结核病由结核分枝杆菌引起，经空气飞沫（如咳嗽、打喷嚏）在人与人之间传播，主要累及肺。免疫力低下者（如 HIV 感染者、糖尿病患者）和密切接触者风险更高，规范用药可治愈。
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads person-to-person through airborne droplets (e.g., cough, sneeze), mainly affecting the lungs. Those with weakened immunity (e.g., people with HIV, diabetes) and close contacts are at higher risk; it is curable with proper medication.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
世界卫生组织（WHO）《结核病学整合指南》
World Health Organization (WHO) Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis
#结核病 #肺结核 #传染
什么是睡眠呼吸暂停？为何要重视？
What is sleep apnea and why does it matter?
睡眠呼吸暂停是在睡眠中反复出现呼吸停止，常见类型为阻塞性（OSA）。表现包括响亮打鼾、夜间憋醒、白天嗜睡。长期未治会增加高血压、心肌梗死和交通事故风险。
Sleep apnea is repeated stopping of breathing during sleep; the common type is obstructive (OSA). Signs include loud snoring, nighttime waking, and daytime sleepiness. Untreated, it raises risks of high blood pressure, heart attack, and traffic accidents.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#睡眠呼吸暂停 #打鼾 #睡眠
什么是慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）？
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一类让气道变窄、气流受阻的肺病，常由长期吸烟引起，表现为慢性咳嗽、咳痰和气短。
COPD is a group of lung diseases that narrow airways and block airflow, often caused by long-term smoking, with chronic cough, phlegm, and breathlessness.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#慢阻肺 #吸烟
为什么吸烟会伤害肺部？
Why does smoking harm the lungs?
香烟里的焦油和化学物质会破坏肺泡和气管纤毛，使肺部清理能力下降、容易感染和癌变。
Tar and chemicals in cigarettes damage alveoli and airway cilia, reducing the lungs' cleaning ability and raising infection and cancer risk.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#吸烟 #肺
支气管哮喘急性发作时首选的给药途径及其药理学依据是什么?
What is the preferred route of bronchodilator administration during acute asthma exacerbation and its pharmacologic rationale?
急性发作期首选吸入型短效β2受体激动剂(如沙丁胺醇)经定量气雾剂或雾化溶液给药,药物直接作用于气道平滑肌受体,起效数分钟内即可改善气流受限。吸入途径全身暴露量低,心悸、震颤等不良反应明显少于静脉或口服给药。中重度发作可联合异丙托溴铵及糖皮质激素雾化,但均不能替代快速起效的β2激动剂。
Inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists such as salbutamol, delivered by metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer solution, are first-line because they act directly on airway smooth muscle receptors and relieve airflow limitation within minutes. Inhaled delivery limits systemic exposure, producing far fewer tremor and tachycardia effects than oral or intravenous routes. Moderate-to-severe attacks may add ipratropium bromide and systemic corticosteroids, but these never replace rapidly acting beta-2 agonists.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
中华医学会呼吸病学分会《支气管哮喘防治指南(2020年版)》 ; 另见: GINA Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention Report 2024; NEJM review on acute exacerbations of asthma (2019)
GINA Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention Report 2024; NEJM review on acute exacerbations of asthma (2019) ; see also: 中华医学会呼吸病学分会《支气管哮喘防治指南(2020年版)》
#呼吸系统疾病 #支气管哮喘
肺炎的常见症状有哪些？
What are common symptoms of pneumonia?
肺炎常见症状为发热、咳嗽伴黄绿痰、胸痛（深呼吸加重）、气促和乏力。老年人可能仅表现为精神萎靡或低体温。出现呼吸困难或持续高热应就医。
Pneumonia commonly causes fever, cough with colored sputum, chest pain (worse on deep breath), breathlessness, and fatigue. Older adults may only show confusion or low body temperature. Seek care for breathing difficulty or persistent high fever.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#肺炎 #肺部感染 #呼吸
普通感冒和流感有什么区别？
What is the difference between a cold and the flu?
普通感冒通常比较轻，主要是流鼻涕、打喷嚏；流感会更重，常常发烧、全身酸痛、很累。
A common cold is usually mild with runny nose and sneezing; the flu is more severe with fever, body aches, and tiredness.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#感冒 #流感
哮喘发作通常有哪些表现？
What are common signs of an asthma attack?
哮喘发作表现为反复喘息、胸闷、咳嗽和呼吸困难，多在夜间或接触过敏原、冷空气、运动后出现。控制发作常用吸入型支气管扩张剂和糖皮质激素。
An asthma attack causes recurrent wheezing, chest tightness, cough, and breathlessness, often at night or after allergens, cold air, or exercise. Inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids are commonly used to control it.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
全球哮喘防治创议（GINA）指南
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Guidelines
#哮喘 #喘息 #呼吸
戒烟对身体有哪些立竿见影的好处？
What immediate benefits does quitting smoking bring?
戒烟 20 分钟内心率和血压开始下降，12 小时血液一氧化碳回到正常，数周至数月肺功能与循环改善；长期坚持可显著降低肺癌、心脏病和中风风险。
Within 20 minutes of quitting, heart rate and blood pressure begin to drop; in 12 hours carbon monoxide levels normalize; over weeks to months lung function and circulation improve; long-term quitting greatly lowers risks of lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）吸烟与烟草使用：戒烟益处；美国卫生总监报告《吸烟的健康后果》（2014）
U.S. CDC Smoking & Tobacco Use: Benefits of Quitting; U.S. Surgeon General's report 'The Health Consequences of Smoking' (2014)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL10860361W：The health consequence
#戒烟 #吸烟 #健康