血脂（胆固醇）检查有什么意义？
Why does a cholesterol (lipid) check matter?
血脂组合能估算心血管风险：低密度脂蛋白（LDL）过高促斑块，高密度脂蛋白（HDL）有保护作用。结果用于指导饮食、运动或药物，应由医生结合整体风险解读。
A lipid panel estimates heart risk: high LDL promotes plaques, while HDL is protective. Results guide diet, exercise or medication and should be read by a doctor with your overall risk.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#血脂 #心血管
美国预防服务工作组为什么建议对65-75岁曾经吸烟的男性做一次腹主动脉超声筛查，却不推荐对从不吸烟的女性常规筛查？
Why does the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend one-time ultrasound screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in men aged 65-75 who have ever smoked, yet advise against routine screening in women who have never smoked?
腹主动脉瘤一旦破裂总死亡率接近80%，而择期修补术死亡率已降到5%以下，早期检出意义重大。老年男性患病率远高于女性，吸烟是主要危险因素，可使风险增加数倍；英国MASS随机试验证实人群超声筛查能降低动脉瘤相关死亡。从不吸烟的女性患病率过低，筛查带来的假阳性及后续侵入性检查风险超过获益，因此不作常规推荐。
Once ruptured, an abdominal aortic aneurysm carries near 80% overall mortality, while elective repair mortality has fallen below 5%, so early detection matters greatly. Prevalence is far higher in older men, and smoking, the dominant risk factor, multiplies the risk severalfold; the UK MASS randomized trial confirmed that population ultrasound screening lowers aneurysm-related death. In never-smoking women prevalence is so low that false positives and downstream invasive work-ups outweigh benefit, so routine screening is not recommended.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,《Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm》,JAMA 322(22): 2211-2218,2019 (DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.18928)
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 'Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm', JAMA 322(22): 2211-2218, 2019, DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.18928
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.18928
#腹主动脉瘤 #超声筛查 #吸烟史
谁该做血糖筛查？
Who should get blood-sugar screening?
超重、35岁以上、有家族史或妊娠糖尿病史者风险较高，可用空腹血糖或糖化血红蛋白评估。前期糖尿病常可通过生活方式逆转。
Those overweight, over 35, with family history or gestational diabetes benefit; fasting glucose or HbA1c assess it. Prediabetes is often reversible with lifestyle.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#血糖 #糖尿病
体检报告里的“结节”都很危险吗？
Are all 'nodules' on a check-up dangerous?
多数甲状腺或肺结节是良性的，危险度取决于大小、形态和变化。不必恐慌，按医生建议定期复查或进一步检查即可。
Most thyroid or lung nodules are benign; risk depends on size, shape and change. Don't panic—follow the doctor's plan for monitoring or further tests.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#结节 #随访
骨密度检查适合哪些人？
Who should get a bone-density scan?
绝经后女性、年长男性，以及长期用糖皮质激素者风险较高，检查能早期发现骨质疏松，便于补钙、运动和药物干预。
Postmenopausal women, older men and long-term steroid users are at higher risk; the scan finds osteoporosis early so calcium, exercise and medication can help.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#骨密度 #骨质疏松
在家自测血压要注意什么？
How to measure blood pressure at home correctly?
静坐5分钟、袖带绑在裸露上臂并与心脏同高、每天大致同一时间测并记录。若多次偏高，带记录去咨询医生，勿自行调药。
Sit calm 5 minutes, place the cuff on a bare upper arm at heart level, measure about the same time daily and record. If readings stay high, show the log to a doctor—don't adjust meds yourself.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#血压 #自测
癌症筛查中的“过度诊断”与“假阳性”有何本质区别？为什么判断筛查是否利大于弊要看人群死亡率而非生存率？
In cancer screening, how does overdiagnosis fundamentally differ from a false-positive result, and why should net benefit be judged by population mortality rather than survival rates?
假阳性是筛查阳性但体内并无疾病；过度诊断检出的却是真实病灶，只是它终生不会进展为有症状或致死的病变（如部分惰性肿瘤），患者却因此承受本可避免的诊断和治疗伤害。生存率会被领先时间偏倚与过度诊断双重抬高——只要确诊时间提前，“确诊后生存年限”即延长，即便死亡并未推迟。故评估筛查获益必须依靠以人群死亡率为终点的随机对照试验。
A false positive means the screen is positive yet no disease exists; overdiagnosis detects a genuine lesion that would never have progressed to symptoms or death during the patient's lifetime (for example an indolent tumour), yet it exposes the person to avoidable diagnosis and treatment. Survival figures are inflated twice over—by lead-time bias and overdiagnosis—since diagnosing earlier lengthens survival after diagnosis even when death is not postponed. Only randomized trials using population mortality endpoints can prove genuine benefit.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Welch HG与Black WC，《美国国立癌症研究所杂志》(J Natl Cancer Inst) 2010年关于癌症过度诊断的研究
Welch HG, Black WC. Overdiagnosis in cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102(9):605-613.
#过度诊断 #癌症筛查 #领先时间偏倚
视力检查多久做一次？
How often should we check eyesight?
儿童和成人一般每1–2年一次，糖尿病患者每年一次。及时配镜能减轻视疲劳，也利于学习与安全。
Usually every 1–2 years for kids and adults, yearly for diabetics. Timely glasses ease strain and help learning and safety.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#视力 #筛查
打疫苗算不算“筛查”？
Does vaccination count as 'screening'?
不算。疫苗是“一级预防”，在得病前建立保护；筛查是在无症状时早期发现疾病。两者都能减少伤害，但作用阶段不同。
No. Vaccines are primary prevention—protection before illness; screening finds disease early when asymptomatic. Both reduce harm but at different stages.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#疫苗 #预防
身上的痣要留意哪些变化？
What mole changes should we watch?
记住ABCDE：不对称、边缘不规则、颜色不均、直径大于6毫米、近期明显变化。新出现或变化的痣应找皮肤科医生看看。
Use ABCDE: asymmetry, irregular border, varied color, diameter over 6 mm, and evolving change. A new or changing mole deserves a dermatologist's look.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#痣 #皮肤癌
为什么要定期看牙医？
Why regular dental visits?
定期检查能早发现龋齿和牙龈疾病，专业洁治清除牙石。一般每6–12个月一次，比牙痛了才去更省事。
Regular checks catch cavities and gum disease early, and cleanings remove tartar. Typically every 6–12 months is easier than waiting for pain.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
葛均波 等主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Ge Junbo et al. eds., Internal Medicine, 9th ed., PMPH, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787117265416（豆瓣书目条目: 内科学）
#牙科 #筛查