慢性肾病是什么？
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
慢性肾病是肾脏功能在数月到数年内逐渐下降的状态，常由糖尿病和高血压引起。早期常无症状，晚期可发展为肾衰竭需要透析或移植。
Chronic kidney disease is the gradual loss of kidney function over months to years, often driven by diabetes and high blood pressure. It is usually silent early and can progress to kidney failure needing dialysis or transplant.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
KDIGO《慢性肾脏病评估与管理临床实践指南》, 2012
KDIGO. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of CKD (2012).
#慢性肾病 #肾衰竭 #透析
尿量异常可能意味着什么？
What might abnormal urine volume indicate?
尿量减少可能提示脱水、肾衰竭或尿路梗阻；尿量明显增多可能与糖尿病、尿崩症或过量饮水有关。颜色和气味的明显改变也值得关注。
Low urine output may signal dehydration, kidney failure or a blockage; unusually high output can relate to diabetes, diabetes insipidus or excessive drinking. Marked changes in color or odor also deserve attention.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
葛均兵 主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018（尿液检查与肾功能障碍章节涉及少尿、多尿的临床意义） ; 另见: Kasper DL, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 21st ed. McGraw-Hill, 2022
Kasper DL, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 21st ed. McGraw-Hill, 2022 ; see also: 葛均兵 主编,《内科学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018（尿液检查与肾功能障碍章节涉及少尿、多尿的临床意义）
#尿量 #脱水 #糖尿病
前列腺增生为什么让老年男性夜里频繁起夜？
Why does an enlarged prostate make older men urinate at night?
前列腺包绕在尿道起始段周围，随年龄增长在雄激素作用下腺体和平滑肌逐渐增生，压迫尿道造成排尿阻力增加。于是出现尿线变细、起始迟缓、排不干净，膀胱因残余尿而容量相对变小、逼尿肌不稳定，夜间尿意频繁。前列腺增生是良性病变，但症状与前列腺癌可以重叠，需通过医生检查和必要的PSA评估区分。治疗有α受体阻滞剂、5α-还原酶抑制剂和手术等选择，突然完全排不出尿属于急症。
The prostate wraps around the first part of the urethra, and with age its glandular and smooth muscle tissue grows under androgen influence, squeezing the urethra and increasing resistance to flow. The stream weakens, starting is delayed, emptying is incomplete, and residual urine effectively shrinks bladder capacity while the detrusor muscle becomes overactive - hence repeated night-time urges. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is not cancer, but its symptoms overlap with prostate cancer, so examination and, where appropriate, PSA testing are needed to distinguish them. Options include alpha-blockers, 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors and surgery, while sudden complete inability to pass urine is an emergency.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#前列腺增生 #夜尿 #排尿困难 #PSA
尿液是怎样形成的？
How is urine formed?
血液流经肾单位时，肾小球先滤出原尿，随后肾小管选择性重吸收水和有用物质，并分泌多余废物。最终剩余的液体成为尿液排入膀胱。
As blood passes through nephrons, the glomerulus first filters out a primitive urine, then the renal tubules selectively reabsorb water and useful substances and secrete wastes. The remaining fluid becomes urine and drains to the bladder.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#尿液 #肾单位 #过滤
什么是肾结石？
What are kidney stones?
肾结石是尿液中矿物质和盐类结晶聚集形成的硬块，可停留在肾或输尿管。移动时会引起剧烈腰腹绞痛和血尿，多喝水有助于预防。
Kidney stones are hard masses formed by crystallized minerals and salts in the urine, lodged in the kidney or ureter. When they move they cause severe flank pain and blood in the urine; drinking plenty of water helps prevent them.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#肾结石 #结晶 #绞痛
为什么女性比男性更容易发生尿路感染？
Why are urinary tract infections more common in women?
解剖差异是主要原因：女性尿道只有约4厘米，远短于男性的约20厘米，且开口靠近阴道和肛门，肠道来源的大肠埃希菌更容易上行进入膀胱。性活动、使用杀精剂、绝经后雌激素下降导致阴道菌群改变也会增加风险。多喝水、不长时间憋尿、排尿后从前向后擦拭有帮助；出现尿频尿痛应就诊，妊娠期或反复发作需进一步评估，而无症状菌尿一般不需抗生素（孕妇除外）。
Anatomy is the main reason: a woman's urethra is only about 4 cm long versus roughly 20 cm in men, and its opening lies close to the vagina and anus, so gut-derived Escherichia coli can ascend into the bladder more easily. Sexual activity, spermicide use and the post-menopausal fall in oestrogen that alters vaginal flora also raise the risk. Drinking enough water, not holding urine for long and wiping front to back help; burning and frequency warrant medical review, pregnancy or recurrent episodes need further assessment, and asymptomatic bacteriuria usually needs no antibiotics except in pregnancy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#尿路感染 #尿道长度 #大肠埃希菌 #预防措施
为什么人会出现水肿？
Why does the body develop edema (swelling)?
水肿是组织间隙积聚过多液体，常见于下肢和眼睑。它可由心、肾、肝功能障碍或静脉回流受阻引起，也可见于久站或高盐饮食。
Edema is the buildup of excess fluid in the tissues, often in the legs and eyelids. It can result from heart, kidney or liver problems or impaired venous return, and also from prolonged standing or a high-salt diet.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#水肿 #体液 #循环
透析是什么？
What is dialysis?
透析是用机器或腹膜代替失效的肾脏，清除血液中的废物和多余水分。它用于肾衰竭患者维持生命，分为血液透析和腹膜透析两种。
Dialysis uses a machine or the peritoneal membrane to do the job of failed kidneys, clearing wastes and excess fluid from the blood. It sustains patients with kidney failure and comes as hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
王庭槐 主编,《生理学》第9版,人民卫生出版社,2018
Wang Tinghuai ed., Physiology, 9th ed., People's Medical Publishing House, 2018
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787117266598（豆瓣书目条目: 生理学）
#透析 #肾衰竭 #血液净化
良性前列腺增生患者服用非那雄胺后，血清PSA会发生什么变化？这对前列腺癌筛查结果的判读有何意义？
What happens to serum PSA after a man with benign prostatic hyperplasia starts finasteride, and how should this change the interpretation of prostate cancer screening?
非那雄胺选择性抑制前列腺内的II型5α还原酶，阻断睾酮向双氢睾酮转化，使腺体缩小、排尿梗阻改善。血清PSA大体与前列腺组织体积成正比，故服药6至12个月后PSA约降低50%。解读筛查结果时应将实测值加倍来估算真实基线；若用药期间PSA不降反升，须警惕合并前列腺癌并尽快进一步检查。
Finasteride selectively inhibits type II 5-alpha-reductase in the prostate, blocking conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone; the gland shrinks and urinary obstruction improves. Because serum PSA roughly parallels prostate tissue volume, levels drop about 50% after six to twelve months of treatment. Screening results must therefore be interpreted by doubling the measured value; if PSA rises or fails to fall as expected on therapy, coexisting prostate cancer should be suspected and investigated promptly.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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McConnell JD 等，非那雄胺长期疗效与安全性研究（PLESS），新英格兰医学杂志（NEJM），1998年，第338卷，DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199802263380901
McConnell JD et al. The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (PLESS). New England Journal of Medicine, 1998, vol.338. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199802263380901
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1056/NEJM199802263380901：The Effect of Fi
#前列腺增生 #非那雄胺 #前列腺特异抗原
同为良性前列腺增生的治疗药物，为什么坦索罗辛数天起效，而非那雄胺要等数月？
For benign prostatic hyperplasia, why does tamsulosin take effect within days while finasteride needs months?
增生前列腺造成的梗阻由两部分构成。α1A受体介导的前列腺与膀胱颈平滑肌张力是“动力性”因素，坦索罗辛选择性阻断该受体、松弛平滑肌，数天内即可改善排尿；腺体体积增大则是“静力性”因素，非那雄胺抑制5α还原酶、减少双氢睾酮，需连续服药数月才能使腺体缩小约两成。两种机制互补，中重度患者常联合用药。
Outflow obstruction from an enlarged prostate has two parts. Smooth-muscle tone in the prostate and bladder neck, driven by alpha-1A receptors, is the dynamic factor: tamsulosin selectively blocks these receptors and improves urination within days. Glandular enlargement is the static factor: finasteride inhibits 5-alpha-reductase and lowers dihydrotestosterone, shrinking the gland by roughly one fifth only after months of therapy. The mechanisms are complementary, and combination therapy is common in moderate-to-severe symptoms.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
McConnell JD 等. 多沙唑嗪、非那雄胺及联合治疗对良性前列腺增生临床进展的长期影响（MTOPS试验）. 新英格兰医学杂志, 2003 (DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa030678)
McConnell JD, et al. The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia (MTOPS trial). New England Journal of Medicine, 2003 (DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa030678)
#良性前列腺增生 #α1A受体阻滞剂 #5α还原酶抑制剂 #排尿困难
肾脏的主要功能是什么？
What are the main functions of the kidneys?
肾脏过滤血液，清除代谢废物和多余水分形成尿液。它们还调节电解质、血压和红细胞生成所需的激素。
The kidneys filter the blood to remove metabolic wastes and excess water as urine. They also regulate electrolytes, blood pressure and hormones needed for red blood cell production.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#肾脏 #过滤 #尿液
膀胱有什么功能？
What is the function of the bladder?
膀胱是一个有弹性的肌肉囊，暂时储存由肾脏产生的尿液。当尿液积存到一定量时，它会通过神经信号提醒大脑产生尿意。
The bladder is an elastic muscular sac that temporarily stores urine made by the kidneys. When it fills to a certain point, nerve signals alert the brain and create the urge to urinate.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Guyton 与 Hall，《医学生理学教科书》（第13版，Elsevier，2016）
Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th ed., Elsevier, 2016)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 978-1-4557-4377-3 (3rd ed., Elsevier) · 核验依据 3 ISBN 978-1-319-45541-5 (8th ed., Macmillan Learning)
#膀胱 #储尿 #排尿