condensed Physics

10 个科学问题 · 物理 Physics

本页目录

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚为什么只在极低温出现?

Why does Bose-Einstein condensation occur only at very low temperature?

当热德布罗意波长 λdB=h/√(2πmkT) 增长到粒子平均间距量级时,全同玻色子会宏观占据同一基态;临界温度 Tc∝(n/ζ(3/2))^(2/3)ℏ²/(2πmk),通常需纳开量级。
When the thermal de Broglie wavelength reaches the interparticle spacing, identical bosons macroscopically occupy the ground state; the critical temperature is so low (nK scale) that it needs extreme cooling.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #玻色爱因斯坦 #量子气

安德森局域化如何说明无序也能阻止导电?

How does Anderson localization show disorder can stop conduction?

在一维或强无序系统中,电子波的多次散射产生相干背向散射,使波函数指数局域在某个区域,扩散常数趋于零,即使无相互作用也会出现金属-绝缘体转变。
In 1D or strongly disordered systems coherent backscattering localizes electron waves exponentially, killing diffusion and causing a metal-insulator transition even without interactions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #安德森局域 #无序

能带理论如何解释导体、半导体与绝缘体的区别?

How does band theory distinguish conductors, semiconductors, insulators?

晶体中电子能级展宽为能带;价带与导带之间若有重叠或部份填充则为导体;有较小带隙(约1 eV)的是半导体,可热或光激发导电;带隙大(大于几 eV)的为绝缘体。
In crystals levels broaden into bands; overlapping or partly filled bands give conductors; a small gap (~1 eV) gives semiconductors excitable by heat/light; a large gap yields insulators.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #能带 #半导体

准晶体为何违反传统晶体学平移对称性却仍可有衍射峰?

Why do quasicrystals break translational symmetry yet still show sharp diffraction?

准晶体具有长程有序但无周期平移对称(如五重旋转对称),其结构由拼接规则生成;数学上它仍有离散傅里叶分量,因此电子或X射线衍射给出明锐而非连续的峰。
Quasicrystals have long-range order without periodic translation (e.g. fivefold symmetry); their aperiodic tiling still yields discrete Fourier components, giving sharp diffraction peaks.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。

D. Shechtman等, Physical Review Letters 53, 2141 (1984)(准晶体的首次发现)

D. Shechtman et al., Physical Review Letters 53, 2141 (1984) (discovery of the quasicrystal)

#凝聚态 #准晶体 #衍射

为什么石墨软而金刚石极硬?

Why is graphite soft but diamond extremely hard?

石墨是层状结构,层内强共价、层间仅靠弱范德华力,容易滑动;金刚石中每个碳与四个邻居形成三维强共价网络,方向键处处咬合,所以极硬。
Graphite's layers are weakly bound by van der Waals forces and slide easily; diamond has a 3D covalent network locking every carbon, making it extremely hard.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #同素异形体 #成键

为什么金属能导电而橡胶几乎不能?

Why do metals conduct but rubber hardly does?

金属外层电子离域成可在晶格中游走的电子海,施加电场便整体漂移形成电流;橡胶的电子被牢牢束缚在共价键里,没有自由载流子,所以是绝缘体。
Metals have delocalized valence electrons free to drift under an electric field; rubber's electrons are bound in covalent bonds with no free carriers, making it an insulator.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #导电 #能带

什么是超导的迈斯纳效应?

What is the Meissner effect in superconductors?

超导体进入超导态时会把内部磁场排出(完全抗磁),而不仅仅是零电阻;这区分了理想导体与真正的超导体,并可用磁通排斥解释磁悬浮。
A superconductor expels internal magnetic field (perfect diamagnetism), not merely zero resistance; this distinguishes it from an ideal conductor and explains magnetic levitation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #超导 #迈斯纳

为什么掺杂质(掺杂)能把绝缘的硅变成有用的半导体?

Why does doping turn insulating silicon into a useful semiconductor?

纯硅带隙约1.1 eV、本征载流子少;掺入磷(施主)提供多余电子,或掺硼(受主)制造空穴,使室温下有大量可动载流子,导电性可控,这是晶体管的基础。
Pure Si (gap ~1.1 eV) has few carriers; doping with phosphorus (donors) or boron (acceptors) supplies electrons or holes, giving controllable conductivity—the basis of transistors.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #掺杂 #半导体

为什么玻璃是固体却能像液体一样透明?

Why is glass a solid yet transparent like a liquid?

玻璃是非晶态固体,内部原子无序但被冻住不流动;可见光光子能量不足以激发其电子跃迁,也几乎不被散射,于是多数光直接穿过,看起来透明。
Glass is an amorphous solid—its atoms are frozen in disorder, not flowing. Visible photons lack energy to excite its electrons and are barely scattered, so light passes through.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #玻璃 #非晶

为什么磁铁能粘在冰箱上,陶瓷碗却不行?

Why does a magnet stick to the fridge but not to a ceramic bowl?

冰箱门多是含铁的金属,会被磁化而吸住磁铁;陶瓷碗不是铁磁性材料,磁场穿过去不留手,所以粘不住。
The fridge is iron-based metal that gets magnetized and holds the magnet; a ceramic bowl isn't ferromagnetic, so the field passes through and it won't stick.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

费曼,《费曼物理学讲义》第一至三卷,Addison-Wesley,1963-1965

Richard P. Feynman et al., The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1963-1965

#凝聚态 #铁磁 #材料