极端条件物理 Physics

7 个科学问题 · 物理 Physics

本页目录

液氦为何表现出超流性?

Why does liquid helium show superfluidity?

在约2.17 K以下,液氦-4发生玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚,部分原子进入零黏度的宏观量子基态,可无摩擦流动、爬壁并导热极快,称为超流。
Below about 2.17 K, helium-4 undergoes Bose–Einstein condensation; part of the atoms enter a zero-viscosity macroscopic quantum ground state that flows without friction, climbs walls, and conducts heat rapidly — superfluidity.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

《费曼物理学讲义》第三卷

The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume III

#超流 #玻色凝聚 #液氦

德拜模型如何解释低温下固体热容?

How does the Debye model explain low-temperature solid heat capacity?

德拜把晶格振动视为声子气体,低温下只有低频声子被激发,热容与温度的三次方成正比(德拜T³定律),成功解释实验上热容随温度趋零的行为。
Debye treats lattice vibrations as a gas of phonons; at low temperature only low-frequency phonons are excited, giving heat capacity proportional to T cubed (Debye T³ law), explaining the observed vanishing heat capacity.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

《费曼物理学讲义》第二卷

The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume II

#德拜模型 #热容 #声子

在极高压下氢可能发生什么相变?

What phase transition can hydrogen undergo under extreme pressure?

理论预言在数百万大气压下分子氢会变为原子金属氢,表现为室温超导体候选;实验室虽多次报道但样品恢复到常压易失稳,证据仍存争议。
Theory predicts molecular hydrogen becomes atomic metallic hydrogen above millions of atmospheres, a candidate room-temperature superconductor; lab reports exist but samples are unstable on release, so evidence remains debated.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。

《现代物理学评论》— 高压物理

Reviews of Modern Physics — high-pressure physics

#金属氢 #高压 #相变

微重力环境如何改变对流和燃烧?

How does microgravity change convection and combustion?

在微重力下浮力对流几乎消失,热传递主要靠传导和辐射,火焰呈球形、燃烧更慢更完全。这既为研究基础物理提供条件,也关乎航天器安全。
In microgravity buoyancy convection nearly vanishes; heat transfer is by conduction and radiation, flames are spherical and burn slower and more completely — useful for fundamental physics and relevant to spacecraft safety.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:本题原挂出处与答案内容不符,已撤回;具体书目待补,暂不展示来源。

本题原挂出处与答案内容不符,已撤回;具体书目待补。

Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.

#微重力 #对流 #燃烧

什么是超导现象?

What is superconductivity?

某些材料在低于临界温度时电阻完全消失,并排斥内部磁场(迈斯纳效应),电流可无损耗长期维持,应用于磁共振成像和粒子加速器。
Below a critical temperature some materials lose all electrical resistance and expel internal magnetic fields (Meissner effect), letting current persist without loss, used in MRI and accelerators.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source

程守洙 江之永,《普通物理学》第七版,高等教育出版社,2016

Cheng Shouzhu and Jiang Zhiyong, General Physics, 7th ed., Higher Education Press, 2016

#超导 #零电阻 #迈斯纳效应

金刚石对顶砧如何产生极高压力?

How does a diamond anvil cell generate extreme pressure?

它用两颗相对抛光的金刚石尖端挤压微小样品,把吨级力集中在微米级面积上,可产生数百万大气压,是研究地球深部和合成新材料的关键工具。
It squeezes a tiny sample between two polished diamond tips, focusing tons of force onto a micrometer area to reach millions of atmospheres — key for Earth's interior studies and new materials.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source

P. W. Bridgman 著《The Physics of High Pressure》(高压物理学)

P. W. Bridgman, The Physics of High Pressure

#金刚石对顶砧 #高压 #极端条件

目前常压下超导体最高临界温度大约是多少?

Roughly what is the highest critical temperature for superconductors at ambient pressure?

常压下铜氧化物高温超导体(如汞钡钙铜氧)临界温度约133 K,仍远低于室温;部分氢化物在极高压下可达接近室温但需高压维持。
At ambient pressure cuprate high-Tc superconductors (e.g. HgBaCaCuO) reach about 133 K, far below room temperature; some hydrides approach room temperature only under extreme pressure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录仅给书名,无版次与年份;同一书名常对应多个版次,不臆测具体版本。

《现代物理学评论》— 高温超导

Reviews of Modern Physics — high-temperature superconductivity

#高温超导 #临界温度 #铜氧化物