mechanics Physics

33 个科学问题 · 物理 Physics

本页目录

刚体绕固定轴转动时如何描述?

How is rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis described?

刚体定轴转动可用角位移、角速度和角加速度描述,转动惯量相当于平动中的质量。转动定律为合外力矩等于转动惯量乘以角加速度。
Fixed-axis rotation of a rigid body is described by angular displacement, angular velocity, and angular acceleration, with the moment of inertia playing the role of mass. The rotational law states net torque equals moment of inertia times angular acceleration.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#刚体 #转动惯量 #力矩

什么是简谐运动?

What is simple harmonic motion?

简谐运动是一种回复力与位移成正比且方向相反的周期性运动,如弹簧振子和单摆的小角度摆动。其位移随时间按正弦或余弦规律变化,周期与振幅无关。
Simple harmonic motion is periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to and opposite the displacement, as in a mass on a spring or a pendulum at small angles. The displacement varies as a sine or cosine, and the period is independent of amplitude.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#简谐运动 #振动 #周期

什么是终端速度?

What is terminal velocity?

物体下落时空气阻力随速度增大,当阻力与重力相等时合力为零,速度不再增加,这个最大速度叫终端速度。
As an object falls, air drag grows with speed until it equals gravity, so the net force is zero and speed stops increasing. That limiting speed is terminal velocity.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#终端速度 #阻力 #重力

什么是角动量守恒?

What is conservation of angular momentum?

角动量守恒指在没有外力矩作用时,系统的总角动量保持不变。花样滑冰运动员收拢手臂时转动加快,正是角动量守恒的结果。
Conservation of angular momentum states that a system's total angular momentum stays constant when no external torque acts on it. A spinning skater speeds up when pulling in their arms, a direct result of this law.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#角动量 #守恒 #转动

阻尼振动与受迫振动的共振条件是什么?

What are the resonance conditions for damped and forced vibrations?

受迫振动中,当驱动频率接近系统的固有频率且阻尼较小时,振幅会显著增大,这就是共振。阻尼会抑制共振峰并使其略向低频偏移。桥梁、乐器乃至原子都可能出现共振现象。
In forced vibration, when the driving frequency nears the system's natural frequency with small damping, the amplitude grows markedly—this is resonance. Damping suppresses the resonance peak and shifts it slightly to lower frequency. Resonance appears in bridges, musical instruments, and even atoms.
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舒幼生,《力学》,北京大学出版社,2005

Shu Yousheng, Mechanics, Peking University Press, 2005

#共振 #阻尼 #受迫振动

刘维尔定理如何描述相体积的守恒?

How does Liouville's theorem describe the conservation of phase volume?

刘维尔定理指出,哈密顿系统的相点云在演化中其相体积保持不变(不可压缩)。这源于相空间流的无散度性质,与辛结构一致。它是统计力学中系综演化的基础。
Liouville's theorem states that the phase volume occupied by a cloud of points in a Hamiltonian system is conserved (incompressible) during evolution. This follows from the divergence-free nature of phase-space flow and matches its symplectic structure. It underlies ensemble evolution in statistical mechanics.
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舒幼生,《力学》,北京大学出版社,2005

Shu Yousheng, Mechanics, Peking University Press, 2005

#刘维尔定理 #相体积 #哈密顿

动量守恒是什么意思?

What does conservation of momentum mean?

在没有外力作用的系统里,物体相互碰撞或作用前后,总动量(质量×速度)保持不变。它是宇宙基本守恒律之一。
In a system with no external force, the total momentum (mass × velocity) stays constant before and after collisions. It is a fundamental conservation law.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#动量守恒 #碰撞 #守恒律

什么是参考系,为什么它很重要?

What is a reference frame and why does it matter?

参考系是描述物体运动所选取的坐标和观察者背景。同一个运动在不同参考系下可能呈现为静止、匀速或加速,因此速度、时间等都不是绝对的。选择方便的参考系能极大简化物理分析。
A reference frame is the coordinate and observer background chosen to describe motion. The same motion can appear stationary, uniform, or accelerated in different frames, so quantities like velocity and time are not absolute. Picking a convenient frame greatly simplifies physical analysis.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#参考系 #相对运动 #坐标

做圆周运动的物体为什么需要向心力?

Why does an object in circular motion need centripetal force?

物体做圆周运动时速度方向不断改变,因此需要指向圆心的合力来改变运动方向,这个力叫向心力。向心力由绳子拉力、重力或摩擦力等提供,并不产生新的力。
In circular motion the velocity direction keeps changing, so a net force pointing toward the center is needed to alter that direction; this is the centripetal force. It is supplied by tension, gravity, friction, etc., and is not a new kind of force.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#圆周运动 #向心力 #加速度

汽车转弯时,为什么我们感觉被向外推?

Why do we feel pushed outward when a car turns?

这是惯性造成的“离心”感觉:身体想沿直线运动,车却转向,于是相对车被甩向外侧。严格说离心力是惯性在非惯性系中的表现。
It is inertia: your body wants to keep going straight while the car turns, so relative to the car you seem flung outward. The 'centrifugal force' is an apparent force in the turning frame.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#惯性 #离心力 #圆周运动

为什么旋转的陀螺能直立不倒?

Why does a spinning top stay upright instead of falling over?

高速旋转的物体具有角动量,会抵抗方向改变,这叫陀螺稳定性。只要转得够快,倾斜的力矩只会让它“进动”而非倒下。
A fast-spinning object has angular momentum that resists changes in orientation (gyroscopic stability). A tilt makes it precess rather than topple.
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Goldstein、Poole 与 Safko,《经典力学》(第3版)

Goldstein, Poole & Safko, 'Classical Mechanics' (3rd ed.)

#角动量 #陀螺 #进动

走钢丝的人为什么拿着长杆?

Why do tightrope walkers carry a long pole?

长杆增加了身体的转动惯量,使身体不容易快速翻转,同时帮助把重心移到脚下支撑点附近,更易平衡。
The long pole increases the walker's moment of inertia, slowing unwanted rotations, and helps keep the center of mass over the rope for better balance.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#转动惯量 #平衡 #重心

为什么旋转的球会拐弯(香蕉球)?

Why does a spinning ball curve in flight (a banana kick)?

球旋转带动侧面空气流速不同,流速快的一侧压强低,形成侧向压力差把球推弯,这叫马格努斯效应。
Spin makes air move faster on one side, lowering pressure there. The pressure difference pushes the ball sideways—the Magnus effect.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#马格努斯效应 #流体 #压强

宇航员在太空站里为什么会飘起来?是没有重力了吗?

Why do astronauts float inside the space station — is gravity gone?

不是!空间站高度的重力仍有地面的九成左右。真正原因是空间站在做自由落体式的绕圈运动:它向地球掉落,又因横向速度太快而总也掉不到地面。舱内一切物体和宇航员一起下落,相互之间显得没有重量,这叫失重或微重力。就像电梯缆绳断掉的瞬间,你会短暂飘起来一样。
No — gravity up there is still about ninety percent of ground level. The station keeps falling toward Earth while moving sideways so fast it always misses; everything inside falls together and seems weightless: microgravity. Like the instant an elevator cable snaps, you float briefly.
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《十万个为什么》第六版物理分册,少年儿童出版社,2013

Ten Thousand Whys: Physics volume, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013

#失重 #微重力 #绕轨运动

什么是抛体运动?

What is projectile motion?

抛体运动是指物体被抛出后,只在重力作用下沿曲线飞行的运动,比如扔出的石头或射出的箭。它的水平方向匀速前进,竖直方向则受重力加速下落。
Projectile motion is the curved flight of an object launched and then acted on only by gravity, like a thrown stone or an arrow. It moves at constant speed horizontally while accelerating downward vertically.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#抛体 #曲线运动 #重力

为什么单脚站立比双脚站立更难保持平衡?

Why is it harder to balance on one foot than on two?

双脚站立时支撑面更大,身体重心更容易落在支撑范围内。单脚时支撑面变小,重心稍偏就会倒。
Two feet make a wider base of support, so your center of gravity stays within it. One foot gives a tiny base, so small shifts make you tip.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#平衡 #重心 #支撑

旋转的陀螺为什么不会立刻倒下,而是歪着慢慢画圈(进动)?

Why does a spinning top not fall over immediately, but instead lean and slowly trace circles (precession)?

高速自转让陀螺具有很大的角动量,方向大致沿自转轴。当重力试图把它扳倒时,这个力矩并不让它直接倒下,而是改变角动量的方向,使轴缓慢地绕竖直方向画圈,这就是进动。转速越低,进动越明显,最后才倒下。
Fast spin gives the top a large angular momentum along its axis. When gravity tries to topple it, the torque does not make it fall straight down; instead it changes the direction of the angular momentum, so the axis slowly circles the vertical—this is precession. As the spin slows, precession grows until the top finally falls.
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H. Goldstein, C. Poole & J. Safko,《Classical Mechanics》(第3版),第5章(刚体转动)

H. Goldstein, C. Poole & J. Safko, 'Classical Mechanics' (3rd ed.), Ch.5 (Rigid body rotation)

#角动量 #进动 #陀螺

杠杆是如何让我们更省力的?

How does a lever let us lift heavy things with less force?

杠杆通过支点把力“放大”:在长的一端用力,短的一端就能举起更重的东西,靠的是力矩平衡。
A lever uses a pivot to trade distance for force: pushing far from the fulcrum lets you lift a heavier load near it via balanced torques.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#杠杆 #力矩 #省力

滑轮是什么,有什么用?

What is a pulley and what is it for?

滑轮是一个可以转动的轮子,绳子绕在上面用来提起重物。它能改变用力方向,配合多个滑轮还能更省力地把东西吊起来。
A pulley is a wheel that rotates with a rope over it, used to lift heavy loads. It changes the direction of the pull, and several pulleys together make lifting easier.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#滑轮 #简单机械 #省力

什么是功和能量?

What are work and energy?

功是力使物体在力的方向上移动时做的事情,能量是物体做功的能力。能量可以从一种形式转化为另一种形式,比如举高的石头具有重力势能。
Work is done when a force moves an object in the direction of that force, and energy is the ability to do work. Energy can change from one form to another, such as the gravitational potential energy of a lifted stone.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#功 #能量 #守恒

撑杆跳高运动员把杆压成弓形时,为什么杆能像弹簧一样把人重新弹得更高?

When a pole vaulter bends the pole into a bow, why can the pole spring back and launch the athlete even higher?

运动员助跑的动能先转化为杆的弹性势能,杆被压弯储存了能量。随后杆回弹,把这部分势能交还给人体,转化为上升的动能和重力势能。所以人能越过比手握杆点高得多的横杆。
The runner's kinetic energy is first stored as elastic potential energy when the pole bends. As the pole straightens, it returns that energy to the athlete as upward kinetic and gravitational potential energy. This lets the vaulter clear a bar well above the hands.
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Halliday, Resnick & Walker,《Fundamentals of Physics》(第10版),第8章(势能)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.), Ch.8 (Potential Energy)

#弹性势能 #能量守恒 #撑杆跳

什么是弹性势能?

What is elastic potential energy?

弹性势能是物体发生弹性形变(如被拉伸或压缩的弹簧)时储存的能量。松手后这种能量释放,使物体恢复原状并可能弹射出去。
Elastic potential energy is energy stored in an object when it is elastically deformed, such as a stretched or compressed spring. When released, this energy returns the object to shape and can launch it.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#弹性势能 #弹簧 #能量

在匀速直线前进的高铁里,你竖直向上跳起,为什么落地时还在原地,没有被甩到车尾?

If you jump straight up inside a train moving at constant speed, why do you land in the same spot instead of being left behind at the back?

你和列车一起拥有相同的水平速度,起跳后这个水平速度并不会消失,所以你始终和车厢保持同步前进。这是惯性参考系的表现:在匀速直线运动的车厢里,物理规律与地面静止时完全一样。只要列车不加速、不转弯,竖直起跳就只改变上下运动。
You and the train share the same horizontal speed, and jumping straight up does not cancel that forward motion, so you keep moving with the carriage. This is what an inertial frame means: inside a vehicle moving at constant velocity, physics works exactly as it does on the ground. As long as the train does not accelerate or turn, the jump only affects vertical motion.
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Kleppner & Kolenkow,《An Introduction to Mechanics》(第2版),第2章(惯性系)

Kleppner & Kolenkow, 'An Introduction to Mechanics' (2nd ed.), Ch.2 (Inertial frames)

#惯性参考系 #伽利略相对性 #水平速度

重量和质量有什么不同?

What is the difference between weight and mass?

质量表示物体含有物质的多少,是不变的;重量是该物体受到的重力大小,会随引力强弱变化。在月球上你的质量不变,但体重会变轻。
Mass measures how much matter an object contains and never changes, while weight is the gravitational force on it and varies with gravity. On the Moon your mass is the same but you weigh less.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#质量 #重量 #重力

为什么带轮子的箱子比没有轮子的更容易推?

Why is a box on wheels easier to push than one without wheels?

轮子把“滑动摩擦”变成了“滚动摩擦”,滚动时接触面的阻碍更小。所以推起来省力很多。
Wheels turn sliding friction into rolling friction, which opposes motion far less. That makes the box much easier to push.
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#摩擦 #轮子 #省力

什么是势能?

What is potential energy?

势能是物体因其位置或状态而储存的能量,例如举高的重物有重力势能,压缩的弹簧有弹性势能。它可在条件改变时转化为动能或其他形式。势能的存在解释了为什么系统会自发趋向某些状态。
Potential energy is energy stored by an object's position or state, such as gravitational energy of a raised weight or elastic energy of a compressed spring. It can convert into kinetic or other forms when conditions change. Its existence explains why systems spontaneously tend toward certain states.
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#势能 #位置 #能量

为什么把球往上扔,它最后会掉下来?

Why does a ball thrown up into the air fall back down?

因为地球有一只看不见的“大手”叫引力,会把所有东西往下拉。球往上飞累了,就被引力拉回地面。
Earth has an invisible pull called gravity that tugs everything downward. After the ball slows at the top, gravity pulls it back to the ground.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#引力 #重力 #地球

什么是重力?

What is gravity?

重力是地球等天体把物体拉向自己的一种吸引力。它让我们和所有东西都能稳稳地站在地面上,不会飘到空中。
Gravity is the attractive force by which bodies like the Earth pull objects toward them. It keeps us and everything else firmly on the ground instead of floating away.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#重力 #引力 #地球

为什么系安全带能救命?

Why do seat belts save lives?

车辆急停时,人的身体因为惯性还想继续往前冲,安全带能把人固定在座位上,避免撞伤。
When a car stops suddenly, your body keeps moving forward due to inertia. A seat belt holds you in place and prevents injury.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source

Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#惯性 #安全带 #安全

牛顿第二定律说的是什么?

What does Newton's second law state?

牛顿第二定律说,物体的加速度与它受到的合力成正比,与它的质量成反比,公式为 F=ma。也就是说,力越大、物体越轻,加速就越快。
Newton's second law says an object's acceleration is proportional to the net force on it and inversely proportional to its mass, expressed as F=ma. In short, more force or less mass means faster acceleration.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#牛顿第二定律 #加速度 #力

为什么锤子头越重,钉钉子越省力?

Why does a heavier hammer head drive nails more easily?

重锤头在挥动时拥有更大的动量,撞击钉子时能在短时间内传递更强的力。所以更省力高效。
A heavier head carries more momentum when swung, delivering a stronger force to the nail in a short time. This makes driving nails easier.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
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Halliday、Resnick 与 Walker,《物理学基础》(第10版)

Halliday, Resnick & Walker, 'Fundamentals of Physics' (10th ed.)

#动量 #锤子 #碰撞

什么是动量守恒?

What is conservation of momentum?

动量守恒指在没有外力作用时,一个系统的总动量保持不变。例如两个台球碰撞后,它们动量的总和仍等于碰撞前的总和。
Conservation of momentum means the total momentum of a system stays constant when no external force acts on it. For example, after two billiard balls collide, their combined momentum equals what it was before.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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赵凯华 罗蔚茵,《新概念物理教程·力学》(第二版),高等教育出版社,2004

Zhao Kaihua, Luo Weiyin, New Concept Physics: Mechanics, 2nd ed., Higher Education Press, 2004

#动量 #守恒 #碰撞

为什么滑滑梯的时候,坐垫布上滑得特别快?

Why am I fastest on the slide when it is slippery?

滑梯越光滑,摩擦你的力气就越小。湿湿的坐垫布像抹了油,拉住你的小手劲变得更小,你就嗖地一下冲到底。粗糙的东西抓得牢,光滑的东西放得滑——这是摩擦力的秘密。
Smooth slides grip you less. A damp mat is extra slippery so friction shrinks and whoosh — you zoom to the bottom. Rough things grab; slick things slide. That is the secret of friction.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
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《十万个为什么》第六版物理分册,少年儿童出版社,2013

Ten Thousand Whys: Physics volume, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013

#摩擦力 #滑梯 #光滑