童年逆境如何影响大脑发育?表观遗传在其中起什么作用?
How does childhood adversity affect brain development, and what role does epigenetics play?
长期逆境(忽视、虐待、贫困)可改变 HPA 轴与杏仁核-前额叶回路,提升应激敏感性。表观遗传机制(如 DNA 甲基化)能在不改 DNA 序列下调节基因表达,使早期环境标记身体,但许多效应在安全感与干预下可逆。
Chronic adversity (neglect, abuse, poverty) can alter the HPA axis and amygdala-prefrontal circuits, raising stress sensitivity. Epigenetics (e.g., DNA methylation) regulates gene expression without changing the sequence, marking the body by early environment—but many effects reverse with safety and intervention.
难度 专业 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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林崇德 主编,《发展心理学》人民教育出版社
Lin Chongde ed., Developmental Psychology, People's Education Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787107214394(按标识回读: 发展心理学)
#童年逆境 #表观遗传 #应激
儿童的执行功能包含哪些能力?它为何是学业与适应核心?
What abilities make up children's executive function and why is it central to school and adaptation?
执行功能含抑制控制、工作记忆与认知灵活性三大核心,像大脑的油門与方向盘。它在学前快速成熟,预测学业成就、社交与长期健康,且可通过游戏与结构化训练提升。
Executive function comprises inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility—the brain's gas and steering. It matures rapidly in preschool, predicts achievement, social skill, and long-term health, and is trainable via games and structure.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Diamond 执行功能
Diamond on executive function
#执行功能 #抑制控制 #发展
镜像神经元与儿童的模仿学习有什么关系?
How do mirror neurons relate to children's imitative learning?
镜像神经元在做自己与看别人做时都放电,被认为支撑动作理解与模仿,是儿童通过观察和仿效快速学习的基础之一。但镜像系统决定一切的说法被夸大,模仿还依赖更高层的社会认知与意图理解。
Mirror neurons fire both when acting and when observing action, thought to support action understanding and imitation—one basis for children's fast observational learning. But claims that mirror systems explain everything are overstated; imitation also needs higher social cognition and intent understanding.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Rizzolatti 镜像神经元
Rizzolatti's mirror neurons
#镜像神经元 #模仿 #观察学习
为什么小朋友总爱反复问为什么?
Why do kids keep asking why over and over?
反复追问是认知快速发展期的自然表现:他们在练习因果推理、扩充词汇并建立对世界的心智模型。回应时多给因为……的因果解释,比简单回答更能促进理解。
Relentless why is natural during rapid cognitive growth: they practice causal reasoning, build vocabulary, and construct a mental model of the world. Giving causal because answers aids understanding more than one-word replies.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
林崇德 主编,《发展心理学》人民教育出版社
Lin Chongde ed., Developmental Psychology, People's Education Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787107214394(按标识回读: 发展心理学)
#提问 #因果 #认知发展
儿童学习语言真的有关键期吗?
Is there really a critical period for language learning in children?
证据支持语言习得存在敏感/关键期:幼年暴露于语言更易达到母语水平,青春期后语法习得明显变难(如神经可塑性下降与陈述化)。但成人仍可学会二语,只是口音与语法更难地道。
Evidence supports a sensitive/critical period: early language exposure reaches native-like levels more easily; after puberty, grammar acquisition is markedly harder (declining plasticity, more explicit learning). Adults can still learn L2, just with accent/grammar hurdles.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Johnson 与 Newport
Johnson & Newport
#语言习得 #关键期 #可塑性
关键期和敏感期有什么不同?
How do critical periods and sensitive periods differ?
关键期是能力发展有严格时限、错过则不可逆(如某些视觉发育);敏感期是某阶段学习效果最佳,但之后仍可弥补、只是更费力。现代发展观更倾向用敏感期描述多数能力。
A critical period is a strict window where missing it means irreversible loss (e.g., some visual development); a sensitive period is when learning is optimal but still possible later, just harder. Modern views favor sensitive for most abilities.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
林崇德 主编,《发展心理学》人民教育出版社
Lin Chongde ed., Developmental Psychology, People's Education Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787107214394(按标识回读: 发展心理学)
#关键期 #敏感期 #发展
依恋理论如何描述婴幼儿与主要照顾者的关系?
How does attachment theory describe infants' bond with caregivers?
Bowlby 与 Ainsworth 提出,婴儿通过安全基地探索世界,依被回应的经验形成安全/回避/矛盾/混乱等依恋类型。安全依恋预测更好的情绪与社会发展,但类型并非终身不变。
Bowlby and Ainsworth described infants using the caregiver as a secure base to explore, forming secure/avoidant/ambivalent/disorganized attachments based on responsiveness. Secure attachment predicts better socio-emotional growth, but types are not fixed for life.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Bowlby; Ainsworth
Bowlby; Ainsworth
#依恋理论 #安全基地 #照顾者
为什么小朋友常常显得以自我为中心?
Why do young children often seem self-centered?
皮亚杰指出前运算阶段(约 2-7 岁)儿童难以采择他人视角,以为别人看到/想到和自己一样,这是认知发展阶段限制,而非自私。随心理理论成熟,他们逐渐能理解他人有不同想法。
Piaget noted preoperational kids (about 2-7) struggle to take others' perspectives, assuming others see/think as they do—a developmental limit, not selfishness. As theory of mind matures, they grasp that others have different thoughts.
难度 进阶 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Piaget 认知发展
Piaget's cognitive development
#自我中心 #前运算 #视角采择
什么是儿童的心理理论?它大概几岁出现?
What is children's theory of mind and when does it appear?
心理理论是理解他人有不同于自己的信念、欲望和知识的能力,经典标志是通过错误信念任务(如 Sally-Anne)。多数儿童约 4 岁掌握,是社交、欺骗与共情发展的关键里程碑。
Theory of mind is understanding that others have beliefs, desires, and knowledge different from one's own; the classic marker is passing false-belief tasks (Sally-Anne). Most children master it around age 4—key for socializing, deception, and empathy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Wimmer 与 Perner (1983)
Wimmer & Perner (1983)
#心理理论 #错误信念 #发展
什么是客体永久性?宝宝什么时候开始懂?
What is object permanence and when do babies get it?
客体永久性指明白看不见的东西依然存在。皮亚杰发现约 8-12 个月婴儿开始在第 1 类 A-not-B 任务中表现出来,是符号思维与分离焦虑发展的基础。
Object permanence is understanding things exist even when unseen. Piaget found it emerging around 8-12 months (A-not-B task), underpinning symbolic thought and separation anxiety.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:此条未指向带版次的可引用著作(通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名),本库不提供独立书目出处;如需精确引用,需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Piaget 认知发展
Piaget's cognitive development
#客体永久性 #皮亚杰 #婴儿
“棉花糖实验”想研究儿童的什么能力?
What ability did the marshmallow experiment study in children?
米歇尔的延迟满足实验让幼儿选择立刻吃一颗糖或等一会儿得两颗,以测量自我控制。后续追踪曾显示能等待的孩子日后表现更好,但近年研究发现该相关很大程度受家庭环境与信任影响。它说明延迟满足既是能力,也受情境与安全感塑造。
Mischel's delay-of-gratification task let children take one treat now or wait for two, measuring self-control. Follow-ups once linked waiting with later success, but recent work shows the correlation is largely shaped by family environment and trust. Delay is both a capacity and a product of context and security.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
林崇德 主编,《发展心理学》人民教育出版社
Lin Chongde ed., Developmental Psychology, People's Education Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787107214394(按标识回读: 发展心理学)
#棉花糖实验 #延迟满足 #自我控制