为什么人在概率问题上经常判断失误？
Why do people struggle with probability?
进化塑造的直觉擅长处理具体风险而非抽象概率，加上可得性、代表性等偏差，使我们常误判“罕见却醒目”的事件。
Intuition evolved for concrete risks, not abstract probabilities; with availability and representativeness biases, we misjudge rare-but-vivid events.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #概率 #偏差
什么是邓宁-克鲁格效应？
What is the Dunning-Kruger effect?
能力最低的人往往高估自己，因为缺少识别错误的元认知；而高手反而可能因标准更高而低估自己。
The least skilled tend to overestimate themselves because they lack the metacognition to spot errors, while experts may underestimate due to higher standards.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #元认知 #高估
什么是“锚定效应”？
What is the anchoring effect?
人们在判断时过度依赖最先接触的信息（锚），即使它无关，后续估计也会围绕它偏移，如先见高价再谈折扣。
People rely too heavily on the first piece of information (the anchor); later estimates drift around it even when it's irrelevant, e.g., seeing a high price before negotiating.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #锚定 #判断
什么是工作记忆及其容量限制？
What is working memory and what are its capacity limits?
工作记忆是暂时保存并操作信息的认知系统，是推理和学习的核心。巴德利的工作记忆模型包含语音回路、视觉空间画板和中央执行系统。米勒提出短时记忆容量约为“7±2”个组块，现代研究认为更接近4±1个。
Working memory is the cognitive system that temporarily holds and manipulates information, central to reasoning and learning. Baddeley's model includes the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive. Miller proposed a capacity of about '7±2' chunks, while modern research suggests closer to 4±1.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Baddeley 工作记忆模型；Miller 1956
Baddeley working memory model; Miller 1956
#工作记忆 #中央执行 #组块
什么是默认模式网络？
What is the default mode network?
默认模式网络是一组在大脑休息、不做具体任务时活跃度升高的脑区，包括内侧前额叶和后扣带回等。它与自我反思、回忆往事和畅想未来有关。当人专注外部任务时，该网络活动会下降。
The default mode network is a set of brain regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate, that become more active when the brain is at rest and not focused on a task. It is linked to self-reflection, recalling the past, and imagining the future. Its activity decreases when a person focuses on external tasks.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
神经影像研究（Raichle）
Neuroimaging research (Raichle)
#默认模式网络 #脑网络 #自我参照
什么是“系统1”和“系统2”思维？
What are System 1 and System 2 thinking?
心理学家卡尼曼提出，大脑有两套思维系统：系统1快速、自动、凭直觉，比如看到可怕画面立刻害怕；系统2缓慢、费力、需要逻辑，比如解数学题。两者配合，但系统1常常抢先影响我们的判断。
Psychologist Kahneman described two thinking systems: System 1 is fast, automatic, and intuitive, such as feeling fear instantly at a scary image; System 2 is slow, effortful, and logical, such as solving a math problem. They work together, but System 1 often influences our judgment first.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Kahneman 双系统理论
Kahneman dual-system theory
#双系统 #直觉 #理性
什么是确认偏差？
What is confirmation bias?
人们倾向于寻找、记住支持自己已有观点的信息，而忽视相反证据，这会强化偏见并让人更难改变想法。
People favor information that supports their existing beliefs and ignore contradictory evidence, reinforcing bias and resisting change.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #确认偏差 #信念
什么是认知偏差？能举一个例子吗？
What is a cognitive bias? Can you give an example?
认知偏差是指人在思考时系统性偏离理性、导致判断出错的思维习惯。例如“确认偏误”指人们倾向于只关注支持自己已有观点的信息，而忽略相反的证据。认识这些偏差能帮我们做出更客观的决定。
A cognitive bias is a systematic deviation from rational thinking that leads to errors in judgment. For example, confirmation bias is the tendency to notice only information that supports our existing beliefs and ignore contradicting evidence. Recognizing these biases helps us make more objective decisions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Kahneman 《思考，快与慢》
Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15992072W：Thinking, Fast and Slo
#认知偏差 #判断 #启发式
什么是心理意象（脑内想象）？
What is mental imagery?
心理意象是在没有外界刺激时，在脑中“看到”“听到”或“感受”事物的能力，依赖与真实感知重叠的脑区，可用于计划与记忆。
Mental imagery is rehearsing sights, sounds, or feelings in the mind without external input, using brain areas overlapping with real perception—useful for planning and memory.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #意象 #想象
为什么我们高估自己能控制的风险？
Why do we overestimate risks we think we control?
“控制错觉”让我们相信主动选择能降低危险（如自选彩票号码），实际上概率并未改变，只是主观安全感上升。
An 'illusion of control' makes us believe active choice reduces danger (e.g., picking lottery numbers), though odds are unchanged—only subjective safety rises.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #控制错觉 #风险
什么是认知偏差？
What is a cognitive bias?
认知偏差是大脑为快速做决策而产生的系统性“思维捷径”错误，如以偏概全或受近期信息影响，虽快却常偏离真相。
A cognitive bias is a systematic thinking error from mental shortcuts the brain uses to decide fast—like overgeneralizing—speedy but often off the truth.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #偏差 #启发式
什么是认知？
What is cognition?
认知是指人脑接收、加工、存储和使用信息的过程，包括注意、记忆、语言、推理和解决问题等。它帮助我们理解世界并做出适当的反应。认知心理学研究这些心理过程是如何运作的。
Cognition refers to the mental processes of receiving, processing, storing, and using information, including attention, memory, language, reasoning, and problem solving. It helps us make sense of the world and respond appropriately. Cognitive psychology studies how these mental processes work.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#认知 #思维 #心理过程
什么是想象力？
What is imagination?
想象力是我们在脑中创造未曾直接感知过的新形象和新想法的能力。它依赖记忆中的信息，并把它们重新组合。想象不仅能帮我们做计划，也是创造力和讲故事的基础。
Imagination is the ability to create new images and ideas in the mind that we have not directly perceived. It draws on information from memory and recombines it. Imagination helps us plan ahead and is also the basis of creativity and storytelling.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#想象力 #创造 #表征
为什么我们会对同一件事有不同想法？
Why do different people think differently about the same thing?
每个人的大脑都会根据过去的经验、情绪和知识来理解信息，所以对同一件事的解读会不一样。这叫做“图式”——我们脑中已有的框架会影响我们看世界的方式。理解这一点能让我们更包容彼此的差异。
Each person's brain interprets information based on their past experiences, emotions, and knowledge, so people understand the same event differently. This is called a 'schema'—the mental frameworks we already have shape how we see the world. Understanding this helps us be more tolerant of differences.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#图式 #解释 #个体差异
什么是注意力？为什么一次只能专注做一件事？
What is attention, and why can we only focus on one thing at a time?
注意力是心理活动对一定对象的指向和集中，让我们能优先处理重要的信息。由于大脑处理资源有限，我们很难同时高质量地处理两件需要专注的任务。比如一边看书一边认真听人说话通常都很困难。
Attention is the mental process of directing and concentrating on a particular object or task, allowing us to prioritize important information. Because the brain has limited processing resources, it is hard to handle two demanding tasks at once. For example, reading a book while carefully listening to someone is usually very difficult.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#注意力 #专注 #认知资源
人为什么会拖延？
Why do people procrastinate?
拖延常源于大脑对即时愉悦的偏好超过未来收益（延迟折扣），以及任务引发的焦虑让人回避，并非单纯懒惰。
Procrastination often stems from the brain favoring immediate pleasure over future rewards (delay discounting) and from anxiety-avoidance, not mere laziness.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
David Myers Nathan DeWall,《Psychology》Worth Publishers 多版
D. G. Myers and C. N. DeWall, Psychology, Worth Publishers, various editions
#认知 #拖延 #自我控制