什么是“框架效应”？
What is the 'framing effect'?
框架效应指同一个问题的不同表述方式会改变人的选择：把手术说成“90%存活”比“10%死亡”更让人接受，尽管信息等价。它说明决策受表述而非事实本身影响。公共沟通和医疗告知都需谨慎使用框架。
The framing effect is that different wordings of the same problem change choices: saying a surgery has '90% survival' is more acceptable than '10% death', though equivalent. It shows decisions are shaped by phrasing, not just facts. Public communication and medical consent need careful framing.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Tversky & Kahneman 框架实验
Tversky & Kahneman framing experiments
#框架效应 #表述 #选择
什么是“延迟满足”与棉花糖实验？
What are 'delayed gratification' and the marshmallow experiment?
米歇尔让4岁儿童选择“现在吃一颗糖”或“等一会儿吃两颗”，用来测延迟满足能力。能等待的孩子后来在学业等方面表现更好，但后续研究发现这更多与环境和信任有关。它说明自控力很重要，却非命运唯一决定因素。
Mischel offered 4-year-olds one marshmallow now or two if they waited, measuring delayed gratification. Waiters later did better academically, though follow-ups show environment and trust matter more. It shows self-control is important but not the sole determinant of destiny.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Mischel 棉花糖实验
Mischel marshmallow experiment
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787550288676（豆瓣书目条目: 棉花糖实验）
#延迟满足 #自控 #棉花糖
为什么人会在群体里更敢冒险？
Why do people take more risks in groups?
群体讨论常会强化原有倾向，使保守的更保守、冒险的更冒险，这叫“风险转移”或群体极化。责任被分散也是原因之一。理解它能帮助团队更谨慎地做决定。
Group discussion often intensifies the original tendency, making cautious groups more cautious and risky ones riskier—called 'risky shift' or group polarization. Diffusion of responsibility also plays a role. Understanding it helps teams decide more carefully.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Daniel Kahneman,《Thinking, Fast and Slow》Farrar Straus Giroux,2011;中译《思考，快与慢》中信出版社,2012
D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, FSG, 2011; Chinese ed.《思考，快与慢》CITIC, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15992072W：Thinking, Fast and Slo
#群体极化 #风险 #责任分散
什么是“沉没成本”？
What is a 'sunk cost'?
沉没成本指已经发生、无法收回的投入（如花掉的电影票钱）。理性决策应只看未来收益，但人们常因“已经投入这么多”而继续亏下去。懂得忽略沉没成本能避免越陷越深。
A sunk cost is an already spent, unrecoverable investment (like a paid movie ticket). Rational decisions should consider only future gains, yet people keep losing because 'I've already invested so much'. Ignoring sunk costs prevents digging deeper holes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Daniel Kahneman,《Thinking, Fast and Slow》Farrar Straus Giroux,2011;中译《思考，快与慢》中信出版社,2012
D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, FSG, 2011; Chinese ed.《思考，快与慢》CITIC, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15992072W：Thinking, Fast and Slo
#沉没成本 #理性 #误区
什么是“损失厌恶”？
What is 'loss aversion'?
损失厌恶指人们对失去同样东西的痛苦，大于得到它的快乐，损失带来的负效用约是收益的两倍。这会让人在投资或选择时过于保守、不愿止损。它是行为经济学的重要发现。
Loss aversion means the pain of losing the same thing is greater than the pleasure of gaining it, with losses feeling about twice as strong as gains. It makes people overly cautious in investing and reluctant to cut losses. It is a key finding in behavioral economics.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Kahneman & Tversky 前景理论
Kahneman & Tversky prospect theory
#损失厌恶 #风险 #行为经济