发展心理学中“关键期”与“敏感期”有何区别？
What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period in development?
关键期指某能力只能在极窄时间窗内获得，错过则几乎不可弥补，如某些动物视觉发育。敏感期则指某时期学习最容易，但之后仍可习得，只是更费力，多数人类能力属此类。区分二者避免把“晚学”误判为“不能学”。
A critical period is a narrow window when an ability must be acquired or it is largely lost, as in some animal visual development. A sensitive period is when learning is easiest but still possible later, only harder; most human abilities fit this. The distinction avoids mistaking later learning for impossible learning.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
林崇德 主编,《发展心理学》人民教育出版社
Lin Chongde ed., Developmental Psychology, People's Education Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787107214394（按标识回读: 发展心理学）
#关键期 #敏感期 #发展窗口
动物的“印刻”（imprinting）现象是什么？
What is imprinting in animals?
洛伦兹发现幼鹅会在出生后的关键窗口紧跟它最先看到的活动对象，哪怕那是人而非母鹅，这叫印刻。它是一种快速、单向且难以逆转的早期依恋式学习。印刻说明某些行为有严格的时间敏感期。
Lorenz found that goslings follow the first moving object they see after hatching, even a human, a process called imprinting. It is rapid, one-way, and hard-to-reverse early attachment-like learning. Imprinting shows some behaviors have strict time-sensitive periods.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
林崇德 主编,《发展心理学》人民教育出版社
Lin Chongde ed., Developmental Psychology, People's Education Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787107214394（按标识回读: 发展心理学）
#印刻 #关键期 #早期学习
婴儿的“陌生人焦虑”通常在什么时候出现？
When does stranger anxiety typically appear in infants?
陌生人焦虑多在6-9个月出现，婴儿对不熟悉的脸表现出紧张或哭泣。它通常与客体永久性和面孔辨识能力提升同时发生，说明孩子已能区分“熟悉”与“陌生”。这是正常发展的信号，而非性格胆怯。
Stranger anxiety usually appears around 6-9 months, with distress at unfamiliar faces. It co-occurs with object permanence and face discrimination, showing the infant can tell familiar from strange. It is a sign of normal development, not shyness.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
林崇德 主编,《发展心理学》人民教育出版社
Lin Chongde ed., Developmental Psychology, People's Education Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787107214394（按标识回读: 发展心理学）
#陌生人焦虑 #婴儿 #社会性发展