詹姆斯-兰格理论如何解释情绪？
How does the James-Lange theory explain emotion?
詹姆斯-兰格理论认为，我们并非先感到害怕再逃跑，而是先对身体变化（如心跳加快）产生知觉，然后才体验到情绪。也就是说“因为我们发抖，所以感到害怕”。这挑战了“情绪在前、身体反应在后”的常识。
The James-Lange theory holds that we do not feel fear and then run; rather, we perceive bodily changes (such as a racing heart) first and then experience the emotion. In other words, 'we feel afraid because we tremble'. This challenges the common-sense view that emotion comes before the bodily response.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
James-Lange 情绪理论
James-Lange emotion theory
#詹姆斯-兰格 #情绪理论 #身体反馈
为什么看到壮丽的星空或大山，会感到“自己很渺小”却心情舒畅？
Why does a vast starry sky or mountain make us feel small — yet deeply good?
敬畏是在面对宏大、超出日常理解的事物时产生的情绪，核心体验是“自我变小、与世界相连”。研究显示，敬畏会降低自我关注，让人更慷慨、更愿意帮助他人，同时伴随着迷走神经活动增强带来的平静感。看自然风景、凝视星空、欣赏艺术都可能唤起敬畏，是低成本的心理健康资源。
Awe arises when we confront something vast that transcends everyday understanding; its core is a sense of a smaller self connected to the world. Studies find awe reduces self-focus, increases generosity and prosocial behavior, and is accompanied by calming vagal activity. Nature views, a starry sky, or great art can trigger it — a low-cost psychological resource.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
APA（敬畏情绪研究）
APA (awe research)
#敬畏 #自我超越 #幸福感
Gross 的“情绪调节过程模型”包含哪些策略？
What strategies does Gross's "process model of emotion regulation" include?
Gross 于 1998 年提出情绪调节过程模型，将策略按情绪产生的时间进程排列：情境选择、情境修正、注意分配、认知重评与反应抑制。其中“认知重评”（改变对事件的解读）通常比“表达抑制”更有利于情绪健康与社交。
Gross's 1998 process model orders regulation strategies along the timeline of emotion generation: situation selection, situation modification, attentional deployment, cognitive reappraisal, and response inhibition. Cognitive reappraisal (changing how one interprets an event) generally benefits well-being and social functioning more than expressive suppression.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Gross 1998 年论文（载 Review of General Psychology）；Gerrig 与 Zimbardo《心理学与生活》
Gross (1998) in Review of General Psychology; Gerrig & Zimbardo, Psychology and Life
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（首版 19
#情绪调节 #认知重评 #表达抑制
为什么运动员会自言自语“稳住”“加油”？这真的有用吗？
Why do athletes talk to themselves — “stay calm,” “come on”? Does it help?
这是“自我对话”，运动心理训练的标准工具。研究表明，功能性自我对话（指导动作、给自己打气）能改善注意分配和自信，而消极的自我批判（“我真没用”）会损害表现。语言会占用注意力资源，所以“说什么”和“怎么说”影响很大。把内心的批评换成温和、具体、教练式的指令，考试和面试同样受益。
That's self-talk, a standard tool in sport psychology training. Research shows functional self-talk (instructional cues, encouragement) improves attention and confidence, while harsh self-criticism (“I'm useless”) hurts performance. Language consumes attentional resources, so both content and tone matter. Replacing inner criticism with calm, specific, coach-like instructions helps in exams and interviews too.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#自我对话 #运动心理 #注意资源
Lisa Feldman Barrett 的情绪建构理论挑战了什么传统观点？
What traditional view does Barrett's theory of constructed emotion challenge?
传统观点认为情绪是进化固定的、由特定脑区触发的普遍反应。建构理论主张情绪是大脑用身体感受（内感）、概念和情境实时预测并构建的产物，不同文化会构建出不同情绪类别，情绪并非被动触发而是主动生成。
The traditional view sees emotions as evolved, universally triggered reactions in fixed brain circuits. The construction view holds that emotions are predictions the brain builds in real time from bodily sensations, concepts, and context; cultures construct different emotion categories—emotions are generated, not triggered.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Barrett (2017)
Barrett (2017)
#情绪建构 #预测编码 #内感
什么是情绪的两因素理论？
What is the two-factor theory of emotion?
沙赫特和辛格提出，情绪由生理唤醒和对唤醒的“认知标签”共同决定：先有身体激动，再由情境解释成具体情绪。例如同样的心跳加快，在游乐场被解释为兴奋，在黑暗小巷被解释为恐惧。这说明认知会塑造情绪体验。
Schachter and Singer proposed that emotion results from both physiological arousal and a cognitive 'label' for that arousal: the body is stirred first, then the situation defines the emotion. The same racing heart can be labeled excitement at a fair or fear in a dark alley. This shows cognition shapes emotional experience.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Schachter-Singer 理论
Schachter-Singer theory
#两因素理论 #唤醒 #认知标签
情绪传染是如何通过无意识模仿发生的？
How does emotional contagion happen through unconscious mimicry?
情绪传染指人们无意识地模仿他人的表情、声音和姿势，触发自身相应情绪（具身模仿）。Hatfield 等指出，这种模仿-反馈环路经镜像系统运作，使情绪在群体中会像病毒般扩散，影响团队氛围与决策。
Emotional contagion is unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, voice, and posture, which triggers matching feelings (embodied mimicry). Hatfield et al. show a mimicry-feedback loop via mirror systems spreads emotion through groups, shaping team mood and decisions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Hatfield 等 (1994)
Hatfield et al. (1994)
#情绪传染 #模仿 #镜像系统
情绪调节中重新评估为何比压抑更健康？
Why is reappraisal healthier than suppression in emotion regulation?
重新评估是在情绪产生前改写对事件的解读（如把威胁看成挑战），从源头降低负性反应；压抑则是强压表达，虽表面平静却增加生理负担和记忆成本。Gross 的过程模型显示，早期干预（重新评估）比晚期（压抑）更有效且更少代价。
Reappraisal reframes the event's meaning early (threat to challenge), reducing negative response at the source; suppression forces down expression, staying calm outwardly but raising physiological and memory costs. Gross's process model favors early reappraisal over late suppression.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Gross 情绪调节模型
Gross's emotion regulation model
#情绪调节 #重新评估 #压抑
为什么“忍住不哭”“憋住怒火”，时间久了反而更累？
Why does holding in tears or anger leave us more drained over time?
情绪调节研究区分两种常见策略：认知重评是“改变对事件的解释”，表达抑制是“压下情绪的外在表现”。长期使用抑制，大脑要持续调用资源维持表面平静——这会升高生理唤醒、消耗精力，并与更高的压力水平和更低的幸福感相关。重评需要练习，但长期更省力、更可持续。
Emotion regulation research contrasts two common strategies: cognitive reappraisal changes how we interpret an event, while expressive suppression pushes down the outward display. Chronic suppression keeps the brain working to maintain a calm surface — raising physiological arousal, draining energy, and linking to more stress and less well-being. Reappraisal takes practice but is more effort-efficient and sustainable.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
APA（情绪调节策略）
APA (emotion regulation strategies)
#表达抑制 #认知重评 #情绪调节
沙赫特-辛格的“情绪二因素理论”如何解释情绪？
How does the Schachter–Singer two-factor theory explain emotion?
沙赫特与辛格于 1962 年提出，情绪由两部分构成：生理唤醒加上个体对唤醒的“认知标签”。他们用肾上腺素实验证明，当人感到莫名唤醒却无合理解释时，会依据环境线索为情绪“命名”，说明认知在情绪体验中起关键作用。
Schachter and Singer proposed in 1962 that emotion comprises physiological arousal plus a cognitive label for that arousal. Their epinephrine experiment showed that when people feel unexplained arousal, they name the emotion from situational cues, indicating cognition's key role in emotional experience.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Schachter 与 Singer 1962 年论文（载 Psychological Review）；Gerrig 与 Zimbardo《心理学与生活》
Schachter & Singer (1962) in Psychological Review; Gerrig & Zimbardo, Psychology and Life
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（首版 19
#情绪二因素理论 #认知标签 #沙赫特
什么是述情障碍？
What is alexithymia?
述情障碍指难以识别、命名和表达自身情绪，约 10% 的人受影响，常与焦虑、抑郁及人际关系困难相关。
Alexithymia is difficulty identifying, naming, and expressing one's own emotions, affecting about 10% of people and often linked to anxiety, depression, and relationship difficulties.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Sifneos (1973) 提出述情障碍概念；《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》DSM-5(美国精神医学会)
Sifneos (1973) coining of alexithymia; APA Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787301258125（豆瓣书目条目: 精神障碍诊断与统计手册）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保
#情绪 #述情障碍 #表达
为什么听悲伤的歌反而会舒服？
Why do sad songs feel good?
悲伤音乐在安全距离内触发情绪释放，促进催乳素等安抚激素分泌，并带来“被理解”的共情满足，称为“愉悦的悲伤”。
Sad music triggers emotion release at a safe distance, promotes comforting hormones like prolactin, and gives empathic satisfaction of being 'understood'—a 'pleasurable sadness.'
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#情绪 #音乐 #共情
为什么新手机带来的快乐很快会“褪色”？
Why does the thrill of a new phone quickly fade?
这叫享乐适应：人会对持续不变的好事快速“习惯化”，情绪基线随之回落。中彩票者的幸福感在数月后基本回到原来水平，就是这个现象。但研究也发现，某些快乐反而“耐适应”——比如与人的连接、做有意义的事、不断有新体验的旅行。把钱花在体验而不是物品上，往往能买到更持久的幸福。
Hedonic adaptation: people habituate to steady good fortune quickly and the emotional baseline drifts back down. Lottery winners largely return to baseline happiness within months. But research finds some joys are more “adaptation-proof” — connection with people, meaningful activity, and new experiences like travel. Spending on experiences rather than objects tends to buy longer-lasting happiness.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（幸福心理学章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), psychology of happiness
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787115371775（按标识回读: 心理学与生活（第19版）（原作名 Psy
#享乐适应 #幸福感 #体验消费
人类有哪些基本情绪？
What are the basic human emotions?
保罗·艾克曼通过跨文化研究提出六种基本情绪：快乐、悲伤、愤怒、恐惧、厌恶和惊讶，它们的面部表情在不同文化中高度相似。近年研究也常把“轻蔑”列为第七种。基本情绪被认为具有进化意义。
Paul Ekman's cross-cultural research identified six basic emotions—happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise—whose facial expressions are similar across cultures. Some recent work also lists contempt as a seventh. Basic emotions are thought to have evolutionary significance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Ekman 基本情绪理论
Ekman basic emotions theory
#基本情绪 #面部表情 #跨文化
人为什么会脸红？
Why do people blush?
脸红由交感神经系统引发，血管扩张使面部血流增加，常在尴尬、羞耻时被触发，可能是一种向他人传递“我知错了”的社会信号。
Blushing is triggered by the sympathetic nervous system dilating facial blood vessels, often during embarrassment or shame—possibly a social signal of 'I know I erred.'
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
《生物心理学》（皮内尔）
Biopsychology (Pinel)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-0-13-758859-6 (11th ed., Pearson)
#情绪 #脸红 #尴尬
人能同时体验两种相反的情绪吗？
Can a person feel two opposite emotions at once?
可以。复杂情境（如毕业）会同时唤起喜悦与失落，心理学称为“矛盾情绪”，说明情绪并非非此即彼。
Yes. Complex situations (e.g., graduation) can evoke both joy and loss at once—called 'ambivalence'—showing emotions are not strictly either-or.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（情绪章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), emotion chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787115111302（豆瓣书目条目: 心理学与生活）
#情绪 #矛盾情绪 #复杂
为什么看到别人打哈欠或大笑，自己也忍不住跟着做？
Why do we yawn or laugh when we see someone else do it?
这叫“情绪传染”：人会无意识地同步他人的表情、动作和情绪状态。打哈欠传染、笑声传染、谈话时彼此模仿姿势都是例子，背后与自动模仿、行为同步等社会性机制有关。它像社交黏合剂，让群体情绪同步，也是为什么笑声能带动全场。
That's emotional contagion: people unconsciously synchronize others' expressions, movements, and moods. Yawn and laughter contagion and mirroring postures in conversation reflect automatic imitation and behavioral synchrony. It acts as social glue that synchronizes group emotion — and why laughter sweeps a room.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（情绪章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), emotion chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787115111302（豆瓣书目条目: 心理学与生活）
#情绪传染 #镜像机制 #模仿
为什么看到别人难过，自己心里也会难受？
Why do we feel bad ourselves when we see someone else suffering?
这叫共情：我们能部分地“模拟”他人的情绪状态。看到别人疼痛或悲伤，大脑里与自身感受相关的区域会被激活，所以会觉得“感同身受”。共情常常推动利他行为——伸出援手不只是为了回报。当然，共情可以被锻炼，过度投入也可能让人“共情疲劳”，需要平衡和关怀自己。
That's empathy: we partly simulate another person's emotional state. Seeing pain or grief activates brain regions tied to our own experience, which is why it feels contagious. Empathy often motivates altruistic behavior — helping isn't only about reward. It can be trained, though over-investing can lead to “compassion fatigue,” so balance and self-care matter.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
APA（共情与利他行为研究）
APA (empathy and altruism research)
#共情 #利他 #助人行为
为什么不同的人对亲近关系反应不一样？
Why do people respond so differently to close relationships?
依恋理论把人对亲密关系的内部模式大致分为安全型、焦虑型（或矛盾型）和回避型：安全型容易信任与被信任，焦虑型常担心被抛弃，回避型倾向于保持距离。这些模式与早年照料经验有关，但并非一成不变——自我觉察和新的关系体验都可以逐渐改变它们。
Attachment theory describes internal working models of close relationships: secure types trust and feel trusted easily, anxious types fear abandonment, avoidant types keep distance. These patterns relate to early caregiving, but they're not fixed — self-awareness and new relational experiences can reshape them.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（依恋研究）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), attachment research
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787115371775（按标识回读: 心理学与生活（第19版）（原作名 Psy
#依恋类型 #安全型 #亲密关系
为什么有时候做事会忘了时间？
Why do we sometimes lose track of time while doing something?
这就是“心流”：当任务难度正好匹配你的能力、目标明确、反馈即时时，人会全神贯注到忘了时间和自己。奇克森特米哈伊通过访谈艺术家、运动员等人发现了这种状态。心流能带来纯粹的满足感，而“做太难或太简单的事”都不容易进入心流。
That's “flow”: when challenge matches your skills, goals are clear, and feedback is immediate, attention becomes so absorbed that time and self-consciousness disappear. Csikszentmihalyi discovered this state by interviewing artists, athletes, and others. Flow brings deep satisfaction, and it's hard to enter when a task is too hard or too easy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（幸福与心流章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), flow and well-being
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787115371775（按标识回读: 心理学与生活（第19版）（原作名 Psy
#心流 #沉浸 #积极心理
什么是情绪粒度？为什么能细分情绪的人更幸福？
What is emotional granularity and why are nuanced feelers better off?
情绪粒度指用精确、具体的词汇区分不同情绪状态的能力（如区分沮丧与倦怠）。粒度越高，越能针对性调节情绪、减少冲动，并与更好的心理健康相关。
Emotional granularity is the ability to distinguish feelings with precise, specific labels (e.g., dejected vs fatigued). Higher granularity enables targeted regulation and links to better mental health.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Lisa Feldman Barrett 研究
Lisa Feldman Barrett's research
#情绪粒度 #情绪调节 #词汇
Ekman 的研究认为存在“基本情绪”吗？都有哪些？
Did Ekman's research support "basic emotions," and which are they?
Ekman 在 1971 年的跨文化研究中发现，快乐、悲伤、愤怒、恐惧、厌恶与惊讶六种情绪的面孔表情在不同文化中可被一致识别，支持基本情绪具普遍性的观点。这一发现挑战了情绪表达纯属文化习得的假说。
In cross-cultural studies from 1971, Ekman found that facial expressions of happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise are recognized consistently across cultures, supporting the universality of basic emotions. This challenged the view that emotional expressions are purely culturally learned.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Ekman 与 Friesen 1971 年论文（载 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology）；Gerrig 与 Zimbardo《心理学与生活》
Ekman & Friesen (1971) in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology; Gerrig & Zimbardo, Psychology and Life
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（首版 19
#Ekman #基本情绪 #面部表情
什么是积极心理学？
What is positive psychology?
积极心理学是研究幸福感、优势和美德等正面人类特质的心理学分支，由塞利格曼等人推动。它不只关注治病，也关注如何让人活得更充实。练习感恩、发挥个人优势都是其常见应用。
Positive psychology is a branch studying positive human traits like well-being, strengths, and virtues, advanced by Seligman and others. It focuses not only on treating illness but also on helping people live more fulfilling lives. Gratitude practice and using personal strengths are common applications.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#积极心理学 #幸福感 #优势
是不是全人类都用相同的表情表达开心和难过？
Do all humans express happiness and sadness with the same faces?
经典研究认为，快乐、悲伤、愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、厌恶这几种基本表情的识别具有跨文化普遍性，连没见过“表情图片”的偏远部落也能认出它们。但何时展现、表现多少仍受文化规则影响。可以说：核心表情是相通的，表达方式则是文化的。
Classic research suggests recognition of basic emotions — happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust — is universal, found even in remote tribes unfamiliar with posed photos. But when and how much to display remains culturally regulated. Core expressions are shared; their display is cultural.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（情绪章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), emotion chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787115111302（豆瓣书目条目: 心理学与生活）
#基本情绪 #面部表情 #跨文化
什么是情绪劫持（杏仁核劫持）？
What is amygdala hijack?
情绪劫持由 Goleman 提出：当威胁感强烈时，杏仁核绕过缓慢的理性脑（前额叶）抢先反应，导致冲动爆发或僵住。事后冷静下来才反应过来。规律放松与觉察训练可缩短劫持时长。
Coined by Goleman: when threat is intense, the amygdala bypasses the slower rational prefrontal cortex, triggering impulsive outbursts or freezing—you realize only after calming. Relaxation and awareness training shorten hijacks.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Goleman 情绪智力
Goleman's emotional intelligence
#情绪劫持 #杏仁核 #前额叶
共情和同情有什么不同？
How do empathy and sympathy differ?
共情是设身处地感受他人情绪（认知共情理解立场、情绪共情共享感受）；同情是对他人困境感到关切但不必共享其情绪。适度共情有助连接，但过度共情可能导致耗竭，而同情更具行动导向。
Empathy is sharing or understanding another's feeling (cognitive: perspective; affective: shared feeling); sympathy is concern for their plight without necessarily feeling it. Empathy builds bonds but can exhaust; sympathy is more action-oriented.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#共情 #同情 #亲社会
情绪是“坏东西”吗？为什么进化要把它们保留下来？
Are emotions “bad things”? Why did evolution keep them?
情绪是身体对环境的快速评估系统，每一种都有功能：恐惧帮你避开危险，愤怒帮你应对不公平，悲伤让你放慢脚步、反思并寻求支持，快乐激励你重复有益行为。情绪没有“坏的”，问题常在于情绪“过强、过久或不合情境”。理解情绪传递的信息，比消灭情绪更健康。
Emotions are the body's rapid appraisal system, and each serves a function: fear steers you from danger, anger mobilizes against injustice, sadness slows you down to reflect and seek support, joy motivates repeating what works. No emotion is “bad”; trouble comes when it's too intense, too long, or mismatched to the situation. Understanding the message beats suppressing the feeling.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#情绪功能 #进化心理学 #情绪接纳
恐惧和焦虑有什么不同？
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
恐惧是对明确、即时威胁的急性反应；焦虑则是对模糊、未来可能危险的预期性担忧，常没有明确对象。
Fear is an acute response to a clear, immediate threat; anxiety is anticipatory worry about vague, future danger, often without a clear object.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
American Psychiatric Association,《DSM-5》APA,2013
American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5, APA, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 标识 dsm-5_202110（按标识回读: Diagnostic and Statist
#情绪 #恐惧 #焦虑
什么是情商（情绪智力）？
What is emotional intelligence (EQ)?
情商指识别、理解、管理和运用自己与他人情绪的能力。它包含自我觉察、情绪调节、同理心和人际交往等成分。较高的情商有助于更好地处理冲突和建立关系，但不等于不会难过。
Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and use your own and others' emotions. It includes self-awareness, emotion regulation, empathy, and social skills. Higher EQ helps handle conflict and build relationships, but it does not mean never feeling sad.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Salovey & Mayer / Goleman
Salovey & Mayer / Goleman
#情商 #情绪调节 #同理心
什么是“情绪调节”？
What is 'emotion regulation'?
情绪调节是指人们影响自己何时、如何体验与表达情绪的过程，比如深呼吸平复愤怒、转移注意力缓解焦虑。健康的调节不是压抑情绪，而是以合适的方式应对。它是心理韧性的重要部分。
Emotion regulation is the process by which people influence when and how they experience and express emotions, such as deep breathing to calm anger or distraction to ease anxiety. Healthy regulation is not suppression but responding in an appropriate way. It is a key part of psychological resilience.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Gross,《Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward.》,Emotion,2013 (DOI: 10.1037/a0032135)
Gross, 'Emotion regulation: Taking stock and moving forward.', Emotion, 2013, DOI: 10.1037/a0032135
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1037/a0032135
#情绪调节 #应对 #韧性
为什么“写下三件好事”真的能让人更幸福？
Why does listing “three good things” genuinely boost happiness?
写感恩清单会把注意力从“缺什么”转向“已经有什么”，研究反复发现，定期练习的人幸福感更高、睡眠更好、抑郁更少。感恩不是无视困难，而是训练大脑去留意原本被忽略的好事。坚持几周，效果通常比一次性的大满足更持久。
A gratitude list shifts attention from what's missing to what's already there, and studies repeatedly find regular practitioners report more happiness, better sleep, and less depression. Gratitude doesn't ignore problems; it trains the brain to notice good things that were overlooked. A few consistent weeks often outlast one big splurge of joy.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（积极心理章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), positive psychology
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787115371775（按标识回读: 心理学与生活（第19版）（原作名 Psy
#感恩 #积极心理 #幸福感
为什么把心里的烦恼“说出来”或“写下来”，会好受一些？
Why does putting feelings into words — speaking or writing — make us feel better?
给情绪命名（“我现在很委屈”“我有点害怕”）会激活前额叶，帮助“降温”杏仁核的报警反应，让情绪强度下降，这称为“情感标记”。把混乱的经历写成有条理的故事，还能让人感到更可控。日记、和信任的人聊聊，都是科学支持的有效调节方式。
Naming an emotion (“I feel hurt,” “I'm scared”) activates the prefrontal cortex and helps cool the amygdala's alarm response, reducing emotional intensity — a process called affect labeling. Turning messy experience into a structured narrative also restores a sense of control. Journaling and talking to a trusted person are both scientifically supported strategies.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
APA（情绪标记与情绪调节）
APA (affect labeling and emotion regulation)
#情感标记 #情绪调节 #倾诉
我们到底是“先害怕才心跳”，还是“心跳了才害怕”？两种经典情绪理论怎么争？
Do we tremble because we are afraid, or are we afraid because we tremble? How do the two classic theories of emotion disagree?
詹姆斯-兰格理论（James, 1884；Lange, 1885）认为身体反应先于并构成情绪体验：先有心跳加速，大脑才把它解读为“害怕”。坎农-巴德理论（Cannon & Bard, 1927）则主张丘脑同时把信号送往身体和大脑皮层，所以生理唤起与主观感受是同时发生的，而非先后因果。
The James-Lange theory (James, 1884; Lange, 1885) holds that bodily responses come first and create the feeling - we run, therefore we are afraid. The Cannon-Bard theory (Cannon & Bard, 1927) argues the thalamus sends signals to both body and cortex at once, so arousal and conscious feeling arise together rather than in a chain.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Cannon, W.B. & Bard, P. (1927)《与情绪表达相关的丘脑部位》, in Cannon Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage
Cannon, W.B. & Bard, P. (1927). On the neural basis of emotional expression. In W.B. Cannon, Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5262725W：Bodily changes in pain,
#情绪理论 #詹姆斯-兰格 #坎农-巴德
为什么不同文化的人，表达情绪的方式很不一样？
Why do people from different cultures express emotions so differently?
基本情绪的面部表情跨文化大体相同，但“什么时候可以表现、表现多少”却由文化规则（显示规则）塑造。比如有的文化鼓励直接表达，有的文化要求对长辈和外人保持收敛。情绪本身是共通的，表达方式则是被家庭和文化“教”出来的。
Basic facial expressions of emotion are largely universal, but “when and how much to show” is shaped by cultural display rules. Some cultures encourage open expression; others expect restraint around elders and strangers. The emotions themselves are shared — how we show them is learned from family and culture.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（情绪章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), emotion chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787115111302（豆瓣书目条目: 心理学与生活）
#情绪表达 #显示规则 #文化差异
为什么朋友和家人支持多的人往往更健康？
Why do people with strong social support tend to be healthier?
社会支持的好处远不止心理安慰：研究反复发现，支持关系稳定的人压力激素反应更低、心血管更健康、手术后恢复更快，死亡率也更低。被倾听会让人感到被理解，减少“独自扛着”的负担。这不是矫情，而是人类作为社会动物的基本需求，也是健康心理学的重要发现。
Social support's benefits go far beyond comfort: studies consistently find people with steady supportive ties show lower stress-hormone responses, better cardiovascular health, faster recovery after surgery, and lower mortality. Being heard means feeling understood and less alone with a problem. It's not emotional fuss — connection is a basic need of a social species and a major finding in health psychology.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（健康心理章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), health psychology chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 DOUBAN ISBN 标识 9787115111302（按标识回读: 心理学与生活）
#社会支持 #倾听 #健康
为什么强制微笑可能让人心情变好？
Why might forcing a smile actually lift your mood?
面部反馈假说认为，做出表情会向大脑回送信号，轻微影响情绪。研究发现，用嘴含笔（模拟微笑肌肉）的人看卡通更觉得好笑，说明身体姿势能反向塑造感受。
The facial feedback hypothesis: making an expression sends signals back to the brain, subtly shaping emotion. People holding a pen with their teeth (mimicking a smile) found cartoons funnier—bodily pose can reverse-shape feeling.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Strack 等 (1988)
Strack et al. (1988)
#面部反馈 #情绪 #具身
为什么人在极度开心时也会流泪？
Why do people cry when they are extremely happy?
强烈情绪会同时激活交感与副交感神经，造成生理“过载”，流泪是身体平衡激越状态的方式，也是情绪宣泄。
Intense emotion simultaneously activates sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, creating physiological 'overload'; tears help the body rebalance and release emotion.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》(津巴多)（情绪章）
Psychology and Life (Zimbardo), emotion chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787115111302（豆瓣书目条目: 心理学与生活）
#情绪 #流泪 #生理
为什么心情差的时候，脑子里冒出来的全是倒霉事？
Why does a bad mood seem to flood the mind with other unhappy memories?
“情绪一致性记忆”指人在某种情绪状态下更容易提取带有相同情绪色彩的记忆（Bower, 1981）。一种机制是编码时情绪为记忆“打了标签”，回忆时相似情绪像钥匙一样打开了同一类材料，于是低落时消极往事格外容易被激活，形成情绪越陷越深的循环。
Mood-congruent memory means we retrieve material that matches our current emotional state more easily (Bower, 1981). One mechanism is that emotion tags memories at encoding, and the same mood later acts like a key that opens that category - so sadness preferentially activates negative recollections, deepening the dip.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Bower, G.H. (1981)《情绪与记忆》, American Psychologist 36(2):129-148
Bower, G.H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.
#情绪一致性记忆 #心境 #提取线索
为什么害羞或尴尬时会脸红？
Why do we blush when shy or embarrassed?
脸红是交感神经系统被激活，面部血管扩张导致的。它常在感到被他人评价时出现，是一种难以控制的公开信号，可能反而帮助传递我知道做错了的歉意，促进社会和解。
Blushing is sympathetic activation widening facial blood vessels, appearing when we feel evaluated by others. An uncontrollable public signal, it may convey I know I erred, aiding social reconciliation.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#脸红 #生理反应 #尴尬
为什么哭出来会觉得舒服一点？
Why do we feel a bit better after crying?
哭泣能帮助身体释放压力，并排出与紧张有关的化学物质，同时呼唤他人的安慰。很多人在哭过之后情绪会慢慢平复。所以难过时哭出来是很自然的缓解方式。
Crying helps the body release stress and wash out chemicals linked to tension, while also signaling others to comfort us. Many people feel calmer after a good cry. So crying when sad is a natural way to relieve feelings.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
情绪表达研究
Emotion expression research
#哭泣 #压力释放 #安慰
心理学家认为有几种基本情绪？
How many basic emotions do psychologists propose?
Ekman 提出六种跨文化普遍的基本情绪：快乐、悲伤、愤怒、恐惧、厌恶、惊讶，各有独特的面部表情。这为情绪有生物学基础提供了证据，但当代理论也强调情绪的建构性与文化差异。
Ekman proposed six universal basic emotions—happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise—each with a distinct facial expression. It supports biology-based emotion, though modern views stress construction and culture.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Ekman 跨文化研究
Ekman's cross-cultural work
#基本情绪 #面部表情 #Ekman
为什么运动后会感觉心情变好？
Why do we feel better after exercise?
运动能促使大脑释放内啡肽、多巴胺等让人愉悦的化学物质，并降低压力激素。所以跑完步或做完操常会觉得轻松、开心。规律的身体活动还能帮助改善长期情绪。
Exercise prompts the brain to release feel-good chemicals like endorphins and dopamine and lowers stress hormones. That is why a run or workout often leaves people feeling relaxed and happy. Regular physical activity also helps improve mood over the long term.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#运动 #内啡肽 #情绪
为什么吃一次某样东西后呕吐，以后好多年都再也吃不下它？
Why does one bout of sickness after eating something make us unable to touch it for years?
“味觉厌恶学习”是生物进化出的快速防御：只要一次进食与恶心配对，动物甚至人就会长期回避该味道（Garcia & Koelling, 1966）。它违反了“多次邻近才能学会”的常规规律，说明味觉与呕吐回路在进化上被预先“接线”，用来以最小代价躲开有毒食物。
Taste-aversion learning is an evolved fast defense: a single pairing of a flavor with nausea produces long-lasting avoidance in animals and people (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). It breaks the usual rule that learning needs repeated contiguity, showing that taste and vomit circuits are pre-wired to dodge poison at minimal cost.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Garcia, J. & Koelling, R.A. (1966)《线索与后果的关系：味觉厌恶的生物学》, Psychonomic Science 4(3):123-124
Garcia, J. & Koelling, R.A. (1966). Relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 4(3), 123-124.
#味觉厌恶 #经典条件作用 #生物约束
情绪是什么？
What is an emotion?
情绪是人对事物产生的短暂而强烈的心理和生理反应，比如高兴、害怕、生气。它通常包含感受、身体变化和想做的行为三部分。情绪帮助我们快速判断环境是否安全、是否值得接近。
An emotion is a brief but intense psychological and physiological response to something, such as happiness, fear, or anger. It usually includes a feeling, bodily changes, and an action urge. Emotions help us quickly judge whether a situation is safe or worth approaching.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#情绪 #感受 #生理反应
笑为什么能缓解压力？
Why does laughter relieve stress?
大笑会促进内啡肽和多巴胺分泌、降低皮质醇，并放松肌肉，从生理上抵消压力反应。
Laughter boosts endorphins and dopamine, lowers cortisol, and relaxes muscles, physiologically counteracting the stress response.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#情绪 #笑 #压力
为什么人会脸红？
Why do people blush?
脸红是情绪（如害羞、尴尬）引起的血管扩张，让面部血流增加而出现红晕。它是一种不受意志控制的生理反应，常出现在被关注或做错事时。脸红其实传递了“我知道自己失礼了”的社交信号。
Blushing is a vasodilation triggered by emotions like shyness or embarrassment, increasing blood flow to the face. It is an involuntary physiological response, often appearing when we are the center of attention or have done something wrong. Blushing actually signals 'I know I was impolite' socially.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#脸红 #害羞 #生理反应
晚上关灯后我怕黑,是不是不勇敢?
I feel scared in the dark. Does that mean I am not brave?
怕黑不代表不勇敢,连大人和小动物都会怕黑呢!黑暗让眼睛看不见,大脑就会多想一点。开着小夜灯、抱着心爱的玩偶,勇敢是一点一点练出来的。
Fear of dark is not weakness — grown-ups and animals feel it too! In darkness eyes cannot see so brains imagine more. A little night light plus your favorite plush helps; bravery grows bit by bit.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
《十万个为什么》第六版大脑与认知分册,总主编韩启德,分册主编杨雄里,少年儿童出版社,2013
Ten Thousand Whys, 6th ed., Brain and Cognition volume, chief editor Han Qide, volume editor Yang Xiongli, Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#怕黑 #勇敢 #安全感