家庭与教养 Psychology

Grandparental rearing means grandparents take the main caregiving role; its effect depends on quality, not the form. Warm stable care can be a support, yet conflicts in parenting beliefs or scarce resources raise risk. Research shows no fixed good or bad link to attachment or school outcomes; what matters is relationship quality and kept parent bonds. It is a varied arrangement across cultures.

Intergenerational transmission is that parenting styles, attachment patterns, or coping styles carry from one generation to the next, such as harshly raised parents tending to repeat harsh parenting. It happens through modeling and internalized working models. Seeing the chain helps deliberately break harmful cycles.

Authoritative parenting is both demanding and responsive: clear rules and expectations plus warmth, listening, and explaining reasons. Research links it to better self-discipline, school, and social outcomes. It differs from authoritarian (demanding, cold) and permissive (undemanding, warm) styles.