社会认同理论（social identity theory）是什么？
What is social identity theory?
塔菲尔提出人会把自我价值部分来自所属群体，于是倾向于内群体偏爱、外群体贬低以提升自尊。它用“分类-认同-比较”解释偏见与群际冲突的来源。该理论是理解民族、球队与组织认同的基石。
Tajfel proposed that part of self-worth comes from group membership, so people favor the in-group and downgrade the out-group to boost esteem. It explains prejudice and conflict via categorization, identity, and comparison. It is the base for understanding ethnic, team, and organizational identity.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
戴维·迈尔斯,《社会心理学》第11版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
D. Myers, Social Psychology, 11th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL14859352W：Social psychology（按标题+
#社会认同 #内群体 #偏见
斯坦福监狱实验（Zimbardo）得出了什么结论？
What conclusions came from Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment?
津巴多把志愿者随机分饰狱警与囚犯，很快角色行为失控，狱警变得专横、囚犯消沉，实验提前终止。它常被引证说明情境与角色预设能压倒个人品格。但该实验因方法与伦理受批评，结论需谨慎解读。
Zimbardo randomly assigned volunteers as guards and prisoners; roles soon ran away, guards turned authoritarian and prisoners despondent, ending the study early. It is cited as showing situation and role can override character. Criticized for method and ethics, its conclusions need caution.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
戴维·迈尔斯,《社会心理学》第11版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
D. Myers, Social Psychology, 11th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL14859352W：Social psychology（按标题+
#斯坦福监狱 #角色 #情境
“罗伯斯山洞实验”（Robbers Cave）说明了什么？
What does the Robbers Cave experiment show?
谢里夫把男孩随机分组夏令营，组内很快形成认同，组间因竞赛爆发冲突；但当安排需两组合作才能完成的共同目标时，敌意下降。它实证了现实利益冲突制造偏见，而超级目标（superordinate goals）能缓和群际对立。
Sherif randomly grouped boys at camp; identities formed fast and competition bred conflict, but shared goals needing both groups' cooperation lowered hostility. It showed real conflict creates prejudice while superordinate goals ease intergroup rivalry. It is a classic field demonstration.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
戴维·迈尔斯,《社会心理学》第11版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
D. Myers, Social Psychology, 11th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL14859352W：Social psychology（按标题+
#罗伯斯山洞 #群际 #合作
什么是“群体极化”（group polarization）？
What is group polarization?
群体极化指群体讨论后，成员原有倾向会被推向更极端，谨慎的更谨慎、冒险的更冒险。它来自信息相互强化与想显得比同伴更坚定的动机。网络回声室是当代群体极化的典型场景。
Group polarization is that after discussion, members' initial leanings shift to extremes, cautious become more cautious and risky more risky. It comes from mutual information reinforcement and wanting to seem more committed than peers. Online echo chambers are a modern case.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
戴维·迈尔斯,《社会心理学》第11版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
D. Myers, Social Psychology, 11th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL14859352W：Social psychology（按标题+
#群体极化 #极端化 #讨论
什么是“社会懈怠”（social loafing）？
What is social loafing?
社会懈怠指个人在群体中出力的意愿下降，因为贡献难以被单独评价，如拔河时每人比单独拉时用力小。它随群体变大而增强。明确个人责任与让任务有意义可抵消这种现象。
Social loafing is reduced effort in a group because individual contribution is hard to judge, like pulling less in a tug-of-war than alone. It grows with group size. Clear personal accountability and meaningful tasks counter it.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
戴维·迈尔斯,《社会心理学》第11版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
D. Myers, Social Psychology, 11th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL14859352W：Social psychology（按标题+
#社会懈怠 #群体 #动机