韦纳的“归因理论”如何解释成败？
How does Weiner's attribution theory explain success and failure?
韦纳认为人们把成败归因于能力、努力、任务难度、运气等因素，并沿稳定性与可控性维度归类。把失败归于可控的努力不足比归于稳定的能力欠缺更利于后续努力。
Weiner argued people attribute success or failure to ability, effort, task difficulty, luck, and similar factors, classified by stability and controllability. Blaming failure on controllable lack of effort, rather than stable lack of ability, better sustains future effort.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#归因 #韦纳 #动机
麦克利兰的“成就动机”理论讲什么？
What does McClelland's achievement motivation theory describe?
麦克利兰提出人有三种社会动机：成就、权力与亲和。高成就需求者偏好中等难度、反馈清晰的任务，并愿意为成功承担适度风险。
McClelland proposed three social motives—achievement, power, and affiliation. Those high in need for achievement prefer moderately difficult tasks with clear feedback and accept moderate risk for success.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#成就动机 #麦克利兰 #需求
洛克提出的“目标设置理论”要点是什么？
What are the key points of Locke's goal-setting theory?
洛克认为明确而具挑战性的目标比“尽力就好”更能提升绩效，且需要有反馈才能生效。目标通过引导注意、动员努力和激发策略来驱动行为。
Locke held that specific, challenging goals improve performance more than 'do your best,' and work best with feedback. Goals drive behavior by directing attention, mobilizing effort, and prompting strategy.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#目标设置 #洛克 #绩效
什么是“耶克斯-多德森定律”？
What is the Yerkes-Dodson law?
该定律指出唤醒水平与表现呈“倒U型”关系：适度唤醒表现最好，过低令人懈怠、过高引发焦虑。任务越复杂，最佳唤醒水平通常越低。
The law states an inverted-U relation between arousal and performance: moderate arousal yields the best result, while too little brings lethargy and too much brings anxiety. The more complex the task, the lower the optimal arousal tends to be.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#耶克斯-多德森 #唤醒 #表现
为什么太紧张反而考不好？
Why does being too nervous sometimes ruin a test?
适度紧张能让人集中注意力，但过度焦虑会占用工作记忆、扰乱思路，按“倒U型”规律，唤醒过高反而让表现下降。深呼吸和充分准备有助于把紧张控制在合适水平。
A little nervousness sharpens focus, but too much anxiety eats up working memory and tangles thinking; by the inverted-U rule, excessive arousal lowers performance. Deep breathing and preparation help keep nervousness in the right range.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#紧张 #焦虑 #表现
内在动机与外在动机有什么区别？
How do intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differ?
内在动机来自活动本身的兴趣与满足感，外在动机来自奖励或避免惩罚等外部结果。过度用外部奖励有时反而会降低原有的内在兴趣（过度辩护效应）。
Intrinsic motivation comes from interest and satisfaction in the activity itself; extrinsic motivation comes from external outcomes like rewards or avoiding punishment. Overusing external rewards can sometimes lower original intrinsic interest (overjustification effect).
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#内在动机 #外在动机 #奖励
什么是“习得性无助”？
What is learned helplessness?
塞利格曼发现，当动物或人反复经历无法控制的负面事件后，会学会“做什么都没用”而放弃尝试。它被认为是抑郁的重要心理机制之一。
Seligman found that after repeated uncontrollable bad events, animals and people learn that 'nothing works' and stop trying. It is considered one important psychological mechanism of depression.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#习得性无助 #塞利格曼 #抑郁
什么是“自我决定理论”？
What is self-determination theory?
德西和瑞安提出，人的内在动机源于三种基本心理需求的满足：自主性、胜任感和关系感。当环境支持这些需求，人的投入与幸福感更高。
Deci and Ryan proposed that intrinsic motivation grows from satisfying three basic psychological needs: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. When environments support these, engagement and well-being rise.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#自我决定 #内在动机 #需求