什么是习得性无助？
What is learned helplessness?
当人或动物反复经历无法控制的负面事件，会学会“努力也没用”而放弃尝试，与抑郁和被动密切相关。
After repeated uncontrollable bad events, organisms learn 'effort is useless' and stop trying—closely linked to depression and passivity.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Daniel Kahneman,《Thinking, Fast and Slow》Farrar Straus Giroux,2011;中译《思考，快与慢》中信出版社,2012
D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, FSG, 2011; Chinese ed.《思考，快与慢》CITIC, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15992072W：Thinking, Fast and Slo
#动机 #无助 #抑郁
“耶克斯-多德森定律”描述了动机与表现怎样的关系？
What relationship between arousal and performance does the Yerkes–Dodson law describe?
耶克斯-多德森定律由 Yerkes 与 Dodson 于 1908 年提出，认为唤醒水平与任务表现呈倒 U 形关系：适度唤醒最优，过低令人懈怠、过高引发焦虑。且该最优唤醒点随任务难度变化，复杂任务需要较低唤醒，简单任务可耐受较高唤醒。
Proposed by Yerkes and Dodson in 1908, the law states performance follows an inverted-U relationship with arousal: moderate arousal is optimal, too little breeds lethargy and too much causes anxiety. The optimal point also shifts with task difficulty—complex tasks need lower arousal, simple ones tolerate higher.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Yerkes 与 Dodson 1908 年论文（载 Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology）；Gerrig 与 Zimbardo《心理学与生活》
Yerkes & Dodson (1908) in Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology; Gerrig & Zimbardo, Psychology and Life
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（首版 19
#耶克斯-多德森 #倒U形 #唤醒
执行意图（即“如果—那么”计划）通过哪些机制促进目标达成？其整体效果量有多大？
Through which mechanisms do implementation intentions (if-then plans) promote goal attainment, and how large is their overall effect?
执行意图把一个目标意图改写为“若情境X出现，就执行反应Y”的条件式计划。它将行动控制权外包给环境线索：预设情境一旦出现，反应便被自动唤起，无需当下重新权衡，从而提高启动概率，并保护目标追求免受分心与自我调节资源耗损的干扰。Gollwitzer与Sheeran对94项独立研究的元分析得出平均效应量约d＝0.65，且效应可推广到健康行为与情绪调节等领域。
An implementation intention rewrites a goal intention as a conditional plan: “if situation X arises, then I will perform response Y.” Control over action is delegated to situational cues—once the specified situation occurs, the response is triggered automatically without fresh deliberation, raising initiation rates and shielding goal pursuit from distraction and depleted self-regulatory resources. Gollwitzer and Sheeran's meta-analysis of 94 independent tests yielded a mean effect of about d = 0.65, generalizing to health behavior and emotion regulation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). 执行意图与目标达成：效果与过程的元分析. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69–119. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69–119. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38002-1：Implementation
#执行意图 #目标追求 #动机 #元分析
对本来就感兴趣的活动提供预期中的物质奖励，为什么会反而削弱之后的自发投入？有哪些证据和应用建议？
Why can expected material rewards for an already interesting activity weaken later voluntary engagement, and what evidence and practical advice exist?
自我决定理论称之为奖励削弱或过度合理化效应：预期的物质奖励促使人把行为原因归于外部报酬，自主感与兴趣受损，撤除奖励后投入随之下降。Deci、Koestner 与 Ryan 汇总一百多个受控实验的元分析确认了该效应，对儿童与高趣味任务最为明显。实践中宜以信息性反馈与认可替代控制性奖赏。
Self-determination theory calls this the undermining or overjustification effect: expected material rewards lead people to attribute their behavior to external pay, eroding autonomy and interest, so engagement falls once rewards stop. A meta-analysis pooling more than one hundred controlled experiments by Deci, Koestner, and Ryan confirms the effect, strongest for children and highly interesting tasks. In practice, replace controlling rewards with informational feedback and recognition.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Deci, Koestner & Ryan,《A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.》,Psychological Bulletin,1999 (DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627)
Deci, Koestner & Ryan, 'A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.', Psychological Bulletin, 1999, DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.627
#内在动机 #过度合理化 #自我决定理论
为什么竞争有时反而会降低表现？
Why can competition sometimes backfire?
当任务需要创造性或合作时，竞争带来的焦虑和评价压力会占用认知资源，反而抑制发挥，尤其对害怕失败的人。
When tasks need creativity or cooperation, competition's anxiety and evaluation pressure consume cognitive resources and hurt performance, especially for fear-of-failure individuals.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Daniel Kahneman,《Thinking, Fast and Slow》Farrar Straus Giroux,2011;中译《思考，快与慢》中信出版社,2012
D. Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, FSG, 2011; Chinese ed.《思考，快与慢》CITIC, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL15992072W：Thinking, Fast and Slo
#动机 #竞争 #焦虑
Hull 的“驱力降低理论”如何解释动机？
How does Hull's drive-reduction theory explain motivation?
Hull 于 1943 年提出，生理需求产生内部紧张（驱力），而行为的目的在于降低这种驱力、恢复体内平衡，因此满足需求的行为会被强化。该理论能解释饥渴等基础动机，但难以涵盖好奇、成就等无明确驱力的行为。
Hull proposed in 1943 that physiological needs create internal tension (drive), and behavior aims to reduce that drive and restore homeostasis, so need-satisfying behavior is reinforced. It explains basic motives like hunger and thirst but struggles with curiosity or achievement lacking clear drives.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Hull《行为的组织》（Principles of Behavior, 1943）；Gerrig 与 Zimbardo《心理学与生活》
Hull, Principles of Behavior (1943); Gerrig & Zimbardo, Psychology and Life
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（首版 19
#驱力降低 #体内平衡 #Hull
什么是“错失恐惧”（FOMO）？
What is fear of missing out (FOMO)?
FOMO 是担心别人在经历更有趣的事而自己缺席的焦虑，多由社交媒体对比触发，会驱动频繁刷屏与不满。
FOMO is anxiety that others are having better experiences without you, often triggered by social-media comparison, driving compulsive scrolling and dissatisfaction.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#动机 #错失恐惧 #社交媒体
Csikszentmihalyi 的“心流（flow）”状态指什么？
What is Csikszentmihalyi's "flow" state?
心流指人全神贯注于一项挑战与技能相匹配的活动时，进入忘我、时间感扭曲且伴随高度愉悦的最优体验。Csikszentmihalyi 于 1975 年提出并系统研究，指出清晰目标与即时反馈是触发心流的关键条件。
Flow is a state of total absorption in an activity whose challenge matches one's skill, bringing a loss of self-consciousness, distorted time sense, and deep enjoyment. Csikszentmihalyi proposed and studied it from 1975, noting clear goals and immediate feedback as key triggers.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Csikszentmihalyi《心流》（Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, 1990）；Gerrig 与 Zimbardo《心理学与生活》
Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience (1990); Gerrig & Zimbardo, Psychology and Life
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 flowpsychologyof00csik：Flow : the psychology
#心流 #最优体验 #Csikszentmihalyi
能力相当的人面对同一难题,有人迎难而上、有人早早退缩,Bandura用什么概念概括这种信念差异?它主要从哪几类经验中生长出来?
People of equal ability facing the same hard problem differ - some push ahead while others back away early. What concept did Bandura coin for this difference in belief, and from which classes of experience does it mainly grow?
直答:这个概念是自我效能感,即个体对自己能否完成特定任务的信心判断。机理:它由四类经验共同塑造——亲身的成败经验分量最重,成功垫高、失败拉低效能;看到与自己相近的人做成事提供替代经验;他人真诚而可信的鼓励构成言语说服;紧张、出汗等生理唤醒也会被解读成能力信号。高效能感者设定更高目标、遇挫更持久,同等能力下的行动力差距由此而来。
The concept is self-efficacy - a person's judgment of whether they can execute a particular task. Four classes of experience shape it: firsthand success and failure carry the most weight, raising or sinking efficacy; watching similar others succeed adds vicarious experience; sincere, credible encouragement works as verbal persuasion; even arousal such as a racing heart gets read as a signal about competence. High-efficacy people set bolder goals and persist longer through setbacks, so drive diverges among equals in ability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Bandura论文《Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change》,Psychological Review 1977(斯坦福大学)
Bandura A, 'Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change', Psychological Review, 1977 (Stanford University)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL10461648W：Self-efficacy: toward
#社会学习理论 #自我效能感 #掌握经验
马斯洛的“需求层次理论”是如何排列人类需求的？
How does Maslow's hierarchy of needs arrange human needs?
马斯洛于 1943 年提出，人类需求由低到高呈金字塔排列：生理、安全、归属与爱、尊重，最高为自我实现。他认为低层需求基本满足后，高层需求才成为主导动机，但该顺序并非绝对刚性。
In 1943 Maslow arranged human needs as a pyramid from basic to higher: physiological, safety, belonging/love, esteem, and self-actualization at the top. He argued higher needs drive behavior once lower ones are largely met, though the order is not strictly rigid.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Maslow 1943 年论文（载 Psychological Review）；Gerrig 与 Zimbardo《心理学与生活》
Maslow (1943) in Psychological Review; Gerrig & Zimbardo, Psychology and Life
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（首版 19
#马斯洛 #需求层次 #自我实现
目标为什么能激励人？
Why do goals motivate us?
目标把模糊愿望变成可衡量的方向，提供反馈与成就感，并激活奖赏系统；具体、有挑战且可达成的目标最有效。
Goals turn vague wishes into measurable direction, give feedback and achievement, and activate the reward system; specific, challenging, attainable goals work best.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#动机 #目标 #奖赏
内在动机和外在动机有什么区别？
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
内在动机来自活动本身的乐趣或意义，外在动机来自奖励或压力。过度用外在奖励有时反而削弱内在兴趣。
Intrinsic motivation comes from the activity's own enjoyment or meaning; extrinsic from rewards or pressure. Excessive extrinsic rewards can sometimes undermine intrinsic interest.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Richard Gerrig Philip Zimbardo,《心理学与生活》第19版中译,人民邮电出版社,2016
R. J. Gerrig and P. G. Zimbardo, Psychology and Life, 19th ed., Chinese ed., Posts & Telecom Press, 2016
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL23493W：Psychology and life（按标题+作
#动机 #内在 #外在
被要求忍住刚出炉饼干的诱惑、只吃萝卜的人,为什么在随后的无解谜题上放弃得更早?这个经典实验想说明自我控制有什么特点?
Why did participants told to resist warm cookies and eat radishes instead give up earlier on a later unsolvable puzzle, and what did this classic experiment suggest about how willpower works?
直答:因为自控像肌肉一样会被用掉一部分。机理:Baumeister等1998年先让一组人抵御刚出炉饼干的诱惑、只吃萝卜,随后让他们啃无解的几何题,这组的坚持时间只有随意吃饼干对照组的一半左右;抵御诱惑已经消耗了有限的自我调节资源,后续任务只剩更少的余量。这就是自我损耗现象的首次实验演示,说明一次用力克制会削弱紧接着的下一次。
Because self-control works like a muscle that tires with use. In 1998 Baumeister and colleagues had one group resist freshly baked cookies and eat radishes before tackling an unsolvable geometry puzzle; those participants persisted only about half as long as controls who had eaten cookies freely. Fighting the temptation had already drained a finite self-regulation resource, leaving less reserve for the next demand - the first laboratory demonstration of ego depletion, where one act of restraint weakens whatever restraint follows.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Baumeister、Bratslavsky、Muraven与Tice论文《Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?》,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998(凯斯西储大学)
Baumeister RF, Bratslavsky E, Muraven M & Tice DM, 'Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1998 (Case Western Reserve University)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1252：Ego depletion: I
#自我控制 #自我损耗 #决策疲劳