什么是“元科学”？它如何改进心理学？
What is metascience, and how does it improve psychology?
元科学研究科学本身如何运作：发表体系、激励机制与方法质量。它通过大规模重复、注册报告与开放实践，找出系统性偏见并修正，让心理学证据更稳健可累积。
Metascience studies how science itself works—publishing, incentives and method quality. Via large replications, registered reports and open practice, it finds and fixes systemic bias, making psychological evidence more robust and cumulative.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Open Science Collaboration（2015）《Science》重复百项心理学研究；Simmons、Nelson 与 Simonsohn（2011）《Psychological Science》假阳性心理学
Open Science Collaboration (2015), Science, Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science; Simmons, Nelson and Simonsohn (2011), Psychological Science, False-positive psychology
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1126/science.aac4716：Estimating the repro
#元科学 #系统 #改进
心理学为什么会出现“可重复性危机”？
Why did psychology face a 'replication crisis'?
多项知名发现无法被独立重复，原因包括小样本、灵活分析、发表偏倚与夸张宣传。这促使学界推动预注册、大样本与开放数据，以重建证据的可靠基础。
Many famous findings failed independent replication, due to small samples, flexible analysis, publication bias and hype. The field now pushes preregistration, large samples and open data to rebuild a reliable evidence base.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Open Science Collaboration（2015）《Science》重复百项心理学研究；Simmons、Nelson 与 Simonsohn（2011）《Psychological Science》假阳性心理学
Open Science Collaboration (2015), Science, Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science; Simmons, Nelson and Simonsohn (2011), Psychological Science, False-positive psychology
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1126/science.aac4716：Estimating the repro
#可重复 #危机 #改革
什么是“p-hacking”（p 值操纵）？
What is p-hacking?
研究者为得到显著的 p<0.05，会偷偷尝试多种分析、剔除离群或只报告成功变量，人为抬高假阳性。它源于发表偏倚与“显著才发表”的奖励结构，是可信危机的重要来源。
To reach p<0.05, researchers may try many analyses, drop outliers or report only winning variables, inflating false positives. Driven by publication bias and 'significant-or-buried' incentives, it is a major source of the credibility crisis.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Open Science Collaboration（2015）《Science》重复百项心理学研究；Simmons、Nelson 与 Simonsohn（2011）《Psychological Science》假阳性心理学
Open Science Collaboration (2015), Science, Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science; Simmons, Nelson and Simonsohn (2011), Psychological Science, False-positive psychology
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1126/science.aac4716：Estimating the repro
#p值 #操纵 #方法
“统计功效”和“效应量”为什么比 p 值更重要？
Why do statistical power and effect size matter more than p-values?
p 值只说“有无信号”，却不告诉信号多大或多可靠；效应量描述实际大小，统计功效描述检出的把握。低功效研究易产出夸大的偶然显著，因此看效应量与置信区间比盯 p 值更科学。
A p-value only says 'is there a signal', not how big or reliable; effect size describes magnitude, power describes the chance of detection. Low-power studies yield inflated chance significances, so effect sizes and confidence intervals beat fixating on p.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#功效 #效应量 #统计
“预注册”（preregistration）能解决什么问题？
What problem does preregistration solve?
预注册是在数据收集前公开研究假设与分析计划，把“探险式挖数据”与“验证式检验”区分开，减少 p-hacking 与自选报告。它提高透明度，让结果更可信，而非限制探索。
Preregistration publicly fixes hypotheses and analysis plans before data collection, separating exploratory from confirmatory work and curbing p-hacking and selective reporting. It boosts transparency and trust without banning exploration.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Open Science Collaboration（2015）《Science》重复百项心理学研究；Simmons、Nelson 与 Simonsohn（2011）《Psychological Science》假阳性心理学
Open Science Collaboration (2015), Science, Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science; Simmons, Nelson and Simonsohn (2011), Psychological Science, False-positive psychology
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1126/science.aac4716：Estimating the repro
#预注册 #透明 #可重复