塞利格曼的 PERMA 模型把幸福感分解为哪五个要素？
Into what five elements does Seligman's PERMA model decompose well-being?
PERMA 指积极情绪、投入、关系、意义与成就。它把幸福从单一快乐感拓展为多维可测量结构，用于积极干预设计。
PERMA stands for Positive emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment. It expands happiness from a single feeling of pleasure into a multidimensional, measurable structure used to design positive interventions.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). 《持续的幸福》.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787213051272（豆瓣书目条目: 持续的幸福）
#PERMA #幸福感 #积极心理学
主观幸福感通常从哪几个维度进行测量？
From which dimensions is subjective well-being usually measured?
迪纳将主观幸福感操作为生活满意度（认知评价）与正、负情感频率（情感成分）的组合。常用量表如生活满意度量表，区分了快乐的瞬间感受与对整体的理性评估。
Diener operationalized subjective well-being as a combination of life satisfaction (cognitive evaluation) and the frequency of positive and negative affect (affective components). Standard tools such as the Satisfaction With Life Scale distinguish momentary feelings of pleasure from a rational overall assessment.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Diener, E. (1984). 《主观幸福感》. 《心理公报》95卷.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95.
#主观幸福感 #生活满意度 #情感平衡
塞利格曼的习得性乐观通过什么认知练习培养？
What cognitive exercise does Seligman's learned optimism use to build optimism?
该训练教人们识别永久性、普遍性与个人化的悲观解释风格，并用证据反驳灾难化想法（ABC 模型）。改变归因方式可提升韧性与抑郁预防效果。
The training teaches people to recognize a pessimistic explanatory style that is permanent, pervasive, and personal, and to dispute catastrophic thoughts with evidence (the ABC model). Changing attributional style boosts resilience and helps prevent depression.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). 《学习乐观》.
Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned Optimism.
#习得性乐观 #解释风格 #ABC模型
什么是享乐适应，为什么中彩票和瘫痪者的幸福感最终都趋近基线？
What is hedonic adaptation and why do lottery winners and accident victims both return toward baseline happiness?
享乐适应指人对正负生活事件的情绪反应会随时间回到稳定基线。布里克曼对彩票中奖者与瘫痪者的经典追踪显示，重大事件带来短暂波动后幸福感均回归原有水平。
Hedonic adaptation is the tendency for emotional reactions to positive or negative life events to drift back to a stable baseline over time. Brickman's classic follow-up of lottery winners and accident victims showed that after a brief fluctuation, well-being returned to prior levels in both groups.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-05
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Brickman, Coates, Janoff-Bulman,《Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?》,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1978 (DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917)
Brickman, Coates, Janoff-Bulman, 'Lottery winners and accident victims: Is happiness relative?', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978, DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917
#享乐适应 #幸福感 #基线
研究是否支持写感恩日记能提升幸福感？
Does research support that keeping a gratitude journal boosts well-being?
艾米茨与麦卡洛的随机对照实验显示，连续数周定期写下值得感恩之事的被试（如研究一中每周列五件、持续十周），其幸福感与乐观水平高于仅记录日常困扰的对照组。效应部分来自对积极信息的注意偏向被强化。
Emmons and McCullough's randomized controlled experiments showed that participants who regularly wrote down things they were grateful for over several weeks (e.g., listing five items weekly for ten weeks in Study 1) reported higher well-being and optimism than controls who recorded daily hassles. Part of the effect comes from reinforcing a positive attentional bias.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Emmons, R. A. & McCullough, M. E. (2003). 《数算恩惠与负担》. 《人格与社会心理学杂志》84卷.
Emmons, R. A. & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens. JPSP, 84.
#感恩 #主观幸福感 #感恩日记
契克森米哈伊的心流状态由哪两个条件的匹配产生？
What two matched conditions produce Csikszentmihalyi's state of flow?
心流出现在挑战与技能水平都高且相匹配时，个体全神贯注、时间感扭曲、自我意识消失。当挑战远超技能则焦虑，远低于则无聊。
Flow arises when challenge and skill are both high and well matched, with the person fully absorbed, losing self-consciousness and a normal sense of time. When challenge far exceeds skill, anxiety appears; when it falls far below, boredom.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). 《心流: 最优体验的心理学》.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.
#心流 #沉浸 #挑战-技能
内夫定义的自我关怀包含哪三个核心成分？
What three core components does Neff's definition of self-compassion include?
自我关怀由自我友善（替代自我批评）、共通人性（承认苦难的普遍性）与正念（平衡看待痛苦）构成。内夫研究显示高自我关怀者焦虑更低、复原力更强，且不伴随自满。
Self-compassion consists of self-kindness (replacing self-criticism), common humanity (recognizing that suffering is universal), and mindfulness (holding pain in balanced awareness). Neff found that higher self-compassion links to lower anxiety and greater resilience without complacency.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Neff, K. D. (2003). 《自我关怀量表的开发与验证》. 《自我与身份》2卷.
Neff, K. D. (2003). Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2.
#自我关怀 #自我友善 #复原力