群际接触理论认为接触为什么能减少偏见？其发挥作用的关键条件是什么？
According to intergroup contact theory, why does contact reduce prejudice, and under what key conditions does it work?
该理论由Allport提出：当双方地位平等、拥有共同目标、开展群际合作并得到制度支持时，群体间的直接接触能瓦解刻板印象、减少偏见。Pettigrew与Tropp对五百多项研究的元分析证实接触与偏见呈稳定负相关，其机制包括增进对外群体的了解、降低群际焦虑和提升共情。这为学校融合、社区混居等政策提供了实证依据。
Proposed by Allport, the theory states that direct contact between groups reduces prejudice when optimal conditions hold: equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation, and institutional support. Pettigrew and Tropp's meta-analysis of over five hundred studies confirmed a robust negative association between contact and prejudice, mediated by greater knowledge of the outgroup, lower intergroup anxiety, and increased empathy. These findings supply the empirical basis for policies such as school integration and mixed-housing programs.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). 群际接触理论的元分析检验. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751–783. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751：A meta-analytic t
#偏见 #群际接触 #刻板印象
最小群体范式如何证明仅仅把人分成两类就足以引发内群体偏私？其心理机制是什么？
How does the minimal group paradigm show that merely sorting people into two groups suffices to trigger ingroup favoritism, and what mechanism explains it?
Tajfel等人按近乎无意义的标准（如偏好克利或康定斯基的画作）把被试随机分组，再让其在匿名成员之间分配金钱。结果显示被试宁可牺牲本群体的绝对收益，也要拉大内外群体的相对差距，即最大差别策略。可见群际偏倚并不需要现实利益冲突或交往历史，分类本身经由社会认同和对积极独特性的追求即可发挥作用。
Tajfel and colleagues randomly grouped participants by nearly meaningless criteria—such as preferring Klee or Kandinsky paintings—then had them allocate money among anonymous members. Participants sacrificed absolute gains for their own group to widen the relative gap between groups, the maximal difference strategy. Intergroup bias thus requires neither real conflict nor a history of interaction: categorization alone operates through social identity and the pursuit of positive distinctiveness.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Tajfel、Billig、Bundy 与 Flament 的实验论文 Social Categorization and Intergroup Behaviour，European Journal of Social Psychology，1971，1(2)，149–178。
Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament, "Social Categorization and Intergroup Behaviour", European Journal of Social Psychology, 1971, 1(2), 149-178, doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1002/ejsp.2420010202：Social categorizatio
#最小群体范式 #内群体偏私 #社会认同
什么是刻板印象威胁？为什么同一套测验只是换了个说法，某些群体的学生成绩就会下滑？
What is stereotype threat, and why can simply reframing the same test depress the scores of students from certain groups?
刻板印象威胁指人因担心印证所属群体的负面刻板印象而产生的压力。Steele 与 Aronson 发现：测验被说成“诊断智力”时黑人学生成绩下滑，同样题目被描述为无关练习时差距基本消失，因为这种忧虑占用工作记忆并诱发回避。它说明部分群体差异源于情境压力而非能力，改进测验措辞即可缓解。
Stereotype threat is the pressure people feel when they fear confirming a negative stereotype about their own group. Steele and Aronson showed that when a test was billed as diagnostic of intelligence, Black students' scores dropped markedly, yet the gap largely vanished when the same items were described as unrelated practice, because the worry consumes working memory and breeds avoidance. Group differences partly reflect situational strain rather than ability, and fairer test framing eases them.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Steele, J. W., & Aronson, S. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. 《Journal of Personality and Social Psychology》第69卷第5期, 797-811. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
Steele, J. W., & Aronson, S. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(5), 797-811. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797：Stereotype threat
#刻板印象威胁 #测验情境 #工作记忆