内隐偏见如何测量，内隐联想测验（IAT）的原理是什么？
How is implicit bias measured, and what is the principle behind the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?
内隐联想测验通过测量被试对两两配对概念（如种族与正负词汇）的反应时差异，推断其无意识联结强度。反应越快代表两类概念在心理上越紧密。尽管 IAT 预测个别歧视行为的能力存在争议，它仍是研究内隐态度的主流工具。
The Implicit Association Test infers unconscious associations from differences in response times when pairing concepts (e.g., race with pleasant/unpleasant words); faster pairing implies tighter mental linkage. While its power to predict individual discrimination is debated, it remains a mainstream tool for implicit attitudes.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review结论有争议 · Contested
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《心理学年度评论》(Annual Review of Psychology) 态度与改变卷
Annual Review of Psychology (attitudes and attitude change)
#内隐偏见 #IAT #反应时 #内隐态度
群体极化现象背后的心理机制是什么？
What psychological mechanisms underlie group polarization?
群体极化指群体讨论后立场比成员初始平均更极端。机制包括社会比较（希望显得比同伴更坚定）、说服性论证（听到更多同向理由）以及去个体化后的责任稀释，常被用于解释在线极端化。
Group polarization is the shift toward more extreme positions after discussion, driven by social comparison (appearing more committed), persuasive arguments (exposure to one-sided reasons), and reduced individual accountability. It helps explain online radicalization.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《心理学年度评论》(Annual Review of Psychology) 群体过程卷
Annual Review of Psychology (group processes)
#群体极化 #社会比较 #说服性论证 #极端化
刻板印象是如何形成并影响我们对他人的判断的？
How do stereotypes form and influence our judgments of others?
刻板印象常源于对社会环境的高效分类与启发式加工，一旦形成便通过注意偏向与记忆重构维持。它们会在不知不觉中影响我们对个体特质的解释，即便当事人并不认同这些刻板内容。
Stereotypes often arise from efficient social categorization and heuristic processing, then persist through attentional biases and memory reconstruction. They can shape how we interpret an individual's traits outside conscious endorsement.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Hamilton, Gifford,《Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments》,Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,1976 (DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1031(76)80006-6)
Hamilton, Gifford, 'Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: A cognitive basis of stereotypic judgments', Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1976, DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1031(76)80006-6
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1016/s0022-1031(76)80006-6
#刻板印象 #社会分类 #注意偏向 #内隐
什么是「旁观者效应」，它为何会发生？
What is the bystander effect and why does it occur?
旁观者效应指在场人数越多，个体出手相助的可能性反而越低。其成因包括责任分散、对情境的模糊性评估，以及从他人反应中获取的「一切正常」的社会信号。
The bystander effect is the finding that the likelihood of help decreases as the number of bystanders grows, driven by diffusion of responsibility, ambiguous situation appraisal, and social cues from others that nothing is wrong.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
达利、拉塔内 (1968). 紧急情况下的旁观者干预：责任分散. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383
Darley, J. M., & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4), 377–383
#旁观者效应 #责任分散 #多元无知 #亲社会行为
确认偏误如何影响我们加工信息？
How does confirmation bias shape the way we process information?
确认偏误指人们偏好搜寻、解读与记住支持自己既有信念的信息，而忽视或贬低反例。它既体现在主动的信息选择上，也体现在对模糊证据的主观解读中，是导致观点极化的重要认知基础。
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, interpret, and recall information that supports existing beliefs while dismissing counterevidence. It operates in both information selection and biased interpretation of ambiguous evidence, underpinning attitude polarization.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《心理学年度评论》(Annual Review of Psychology) 推理与决策卷
Annual Review of Psychology (reasoning and decision making)
#确认偏误 #信念 #信息加工 #极化
斯坦福监狱实验得出了什么结论，又为何受到质疑？
What did the Stanford prison experiment conclude, and why has it been questioned?
该实验让志愿者随机扮演狱警与囚犯，迅速出现角色行为极端化，常被引用说明情境力量。但后续研究指出其样本小、程序缺乏盲法、实验者引导可能放大效应，结论的普适性受限。
The study assigned volunteers to guard or prisoner roles and observed rapid role extremism, often cited as evidence for situational power. Later critiques note its small sample, lack of blinding, and possible experimenter cueing, limiting generalizability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
哈尼、班克斯、津巴多 (1973). 模拟监狱中的人际动力. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69–97；Le Texier,《Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment》,American Psychologist,2019 (DOI: 10.1037/amp0000401)
Haney, C., Banks, C., & Zimbardo, P. (1973). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69–97; Le Texier, 'Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment', American Psychologist, 2019, DOI: 10.1037/amp0000401
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.1037/amp0000401
#斯坦福监狱实验 #情境 #角色 #可重复性质疑
阿希的从众实验说明了什么？
What does Asch's conformity experiment demonstrate?
阿希让被试在明显简单的线段判断任务中面对群体一致的错误答案，约三分之一的被试会跟随群体犯错。这表明即使在客观清晰的任务上，群体压力也能显著改变公开行为，尽管私下判断未必改变。
Asch had participants give line-judgment answers while confederates unanimously erred; about one third conformed to the group. It shows that even on unambiguous tasks, group pressure can shift public behavior even when private judgment is intact.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
阿希 (1956). 独立与从众研究. Psychological Monographs, 70(9), 1–70
Asch, S. E. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity. Psychological Monographs, 70(9), 1–70
#从众 #阿希实验 #群体压力 #规范性影响
什么是「基本归因错误」，它为什么常见？
What is the fundamental attribution error and why is it common?
基本归因错误指人们在解释他人行为时，过度强调性格特质而低估情境因素。它源于我们以人为中心加工信息的习惯，以及对情境约束的注意不足，在个体主义文化中尤为明显。
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to over-explain others' behavior by disposition and under-weight situational constraints. It stems from person-centered processing and limited attention to context, and is especially pronounced in individualistic cultures.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03
来源 · Source
《心理学与生活》;《心理学年度评论》社会认知卷
Psychology: The Adaptive Mind; Annual Review of Psychology (social cognition)
#基本归因错误 #归因 #情境 #性格