社会影响与群体 Psychology

7 个科学问题 · 心理认知 Psychology

本页目录

米尔格拉姆的服从实验为什么在伦理与方法上备受讨论?

Why is Milgram's obedience experiment debated on both ethical and methodological grounds?

实验中约 65% 的被试在权威指令下愿意施加致命电击(实际为假电)。它揭示普通人对权威的高度服从,但也因欺骗与潜在心理伤害引发伦理反思,并催生了现代知情同意规范。
About 65% of participants were willing to administer what they believed were lethal shocks under authority orders (actually fake). It revealed high obedience to authority among ordinary people but sparked ethical debate over deception and potential harm, shaping modern informed-consent norms.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Milgram, S. (1963). 《对破坏性服从的行为研究》. 《异常与社会心理学杂志》67卷.

Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67.

#服从 #米尔格拉姆 #伦理

津巴多的斯坦福监狱实验得出了什么结论又受到哪些批评?

What conclusions did Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment draw and what criticisms has it faced?

实验显示普通大学生在狱警与囚犯角色中迅速表现出虐待与顺从,津巴多归因于情境力量。但该实验因样本小、指导语干预与可重复性质疑而受批评,后续研究难以完全复制其效应。
The study showed ordinary students rapidly displayed cruelty and submission in guard and prisoner roles, which Zimbardo attributed to situational forces. It has been criticized for small samples, leading instructions, and weak replicability, with later work failing to fully reproduce the effects.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Zimbardo, P. G. (1971). 《监禁的力量与病理》. 美国国会证词报告.

Zimbardo, P. G. (1971). The power and pathology of imprisonment. Congressional Testimony.

#斯坦福监狱 #情境力量 #可重复性

塔菲尔的社会认同理论如何解释群际偏见?

How does Tajfel's social identity theory explain intergroup bias?

该理论认为个体通过群体成员身份获得自尊,倾向于内群偏好与外群贬损以提升正面区分。最小群体范式实验显示,仅凭任意分组即可诱发偏好,说明分类本身足以产生偏见。
The theory holds that people derive self-esteem from group membership and favor the in-group while derogating the out-group to achieve positive distinctiveness. Minimal-group-paradigm experiments showed that arbitrary grouping alone can induce bias, meaning categorization itself suffices to create prejudice.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). 《群际冲突的整合理论》. 见《群际关系社会心理学》.

Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations.

#社会认同 #内群偏好 #群际偏见

什么是旁观者效应,责任扩散如何解释它?

What is the bystander effect and how does diffusion of responsibility explain it?

旁观者效应指在紧急事件中在场人数越多,个体施援概率越低。拉塔内与达利用责任扩散解释:多人情境下每个人认为别人会帮忙,从而降低个人责任感与干预意愿。
The bystander effect is that the more bystanders present in an emergency, the lower the chance any one person helps. Latané and Darley explained it through diffusion of responsibility: in a crowd each person assumes someone else will act, lowering personal responsibility and willingness to intervene.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Latané, B. & Darley, J. M. (1970). 《无反应的旁观者》.

Latané, B. & Darley, J. M. (1970). The Unresponsive Bystander.

#旁观者效应 #责任扩散 #助人行为

贾尼斯提出的群体思维会导致什么决策偏差?

What decision biases does Janis's groupthink lead to?

群体思维指高凝聚、封闭群体为维持一致而压制异议,导致忽视替代方案与风险。贾尼斯以猪湾事件等为例,指出幻觉式一致与自我审查是典型症状。
Groupthink occurs when a highly cohesive, insulated group suppresses dissent to preserve harmony, leading it to ignore alternatives and risks. Janis cited cases like the Bay of Pigs, noting illusory unanimity and self-censorship as hallmark symptoms.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Janis, I. L. (1972). 《群体思维的受害者》.

Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink.

#群体思维 #决策偏差 #从众

为什么他人在场有时会提升表现、有时却削弱表现?

Why does the presence of others sometimes improve and sometimes impair performance?

扎荣茨的优势反应模型认为,他人在场增强驱力,使熟练任务(优势反应)更易表现,而使困难任务更易出错。即简单任务被促进、复杂任务被抑制。
Zajonc's drive theory holds that the presence of others increases arousal, facilitating dominant responses on well-learned tasks but hindering them on difficult ones. Thus simple tasks are improved and complex tasks impaired.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Zajonc, R. B. (1965). 《社会促进》. 《科学》149卷.

Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Social facilitation. Science, 149.

#社会促进 #优势反应 #驱力

费斯廷格的认知失调理论如何解释态度改变?

How does Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory explain attitude change?

当行为与自己态度冲突时,人会感到不适,便通过改变态度或合理化行为来减少失调。经典实验中,仅得 1 美元(而非 20 美元)去谎称任务有趣者反而更真心喜欢该任务。
When behavior conflicts with one's attitude, the resulting discomfort is reduced by changing the attitude or rationalizing the behavior. In the classic study, those paid only one dollar (versus twenty) to falsely call a task fun later liked it more, because insufficient justification prompted attitude change.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). 《强迫顺从的认知后果》. 《异常与社会心理学杂志》58卷.

Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. JASP, 58.

#认知失调 #态度改变 #合理化