压力与应对 Psychology

7 个科学问题 · 心理认知 Psychology

本页目录

慢性压力如何通过 HPA 轴损害海马与记忆?

How does chronic stress damage the hippocampus and memory via the HPA axis?

慢性压力使下丘脑垂体肾上腺轴持续分泌皮质醇,长期高浓度皮质醇抑制海马神经发生并损伤树突,损害记忆与情绪调节。麦克尤恩用异态负荷概括这种累积损耗。
Chronic stress keeps the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis secreting cortisol, and prolonged high cortisol suppresses hippocampal neurogenesis and damages dendrites, impairing memory and emotion regulation. McEwen coined allostatic load to capture this cumulative wear and tear.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

McEwen, B. S. (1998). 《应激、适应与疾病:稳态应变与异态负荷》. 《纽约科学院年鉴》840卷.

McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840.

#HPA轴 #皮质醇 #异态负荷

心理神经免疫学如何解释长期压力会让人更易生病?

How does psychoneuroimmunology explain why chronic stress makes people more susceptible to illness?

该领域研究心理、神经与免疫系统的交互:慢性压力通过皮质醇抑制淋巴细胞与自然杀伤细胞功能,降低抗病毒与抗肿瘤免疫监视。科恩等的实验显示报告高压力者更易感染鼻病毒。
This field studies interactions among psychological, neural, and immune systems: chronic stress uses cortisol to suppress lymphocyte and natural-killer cell function, lowering antiviral and anti-tumor immune surveillance. Cohen et al. showed that people reporting high stress were more likely to catch rhinovirus.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Cohen, S., Tyrrell, D. A. J., Smith, A. P. (1991). 《心理压力与普通感冒易感性》. 《新英格兰医学杂志》325卷.

Cohen, S. et al. (1991). Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine, 325.

#心理神经免疫 #皮质醇 #免疫抑制

什么是创伤后成长,它和创伤后应激有何不同?

What is post-traumatic growth and how does it differ from post-traumatic stress?

创伤后成长指经历困境后个体在关系、个人力量与人生意义上获得积极转变。泰德斯基强调它是与痛苦共存的积极变化,而非否认创伤,也不等于没有创伤后应激症状。
Post-traumatic growth is positive change in relationships, personal strength, and meaning of life after adversity. Tedeschi stresses it coexists with suffering rather than denying trauma, and does not imply the absence of PTSD symptoms.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). 《创伤后成长量表》. 《创伤压力杂志》9卷.

Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9.

#创伤后成长 #心理复原 #意义

习得性无助是怎样形成的,它与抑郁有何关联?

How does learned helplessness develop and how is it linked to depression?

塞利格曼发现,反复承受不可控电击的狗后来即便可逃脱也不尝试。这种控制感丧失被推广到人类抑郁:认为努力无效会削弱动机与希望,是抑郁的认知模型之一。
Seligman found that dogs subjected to uncontrollable shocks later stopped trying to escape even when they could. This loss of perceived control was extended to human depression: believing effort is futile erodes motivation and hope, forming one cognitive model of depression.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). 《无助: 论抑郁、发展与死亡》.

Seligman, M. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death.

#习得性无助 #抑郁 #控制感

拉扎勒斯区分的两种主要应对方式是什么?

What two main coping styles did Lazarus distinguish?

拉扎勒斯将应对分为问题聚焦(直接改变压力源,如制定计划)与情绪聚焦(调节情绪反应,如倾诉或回避)。可控压力更适合问题聚焦,不可控时情绪聚焦更有效。
Lazarus divided coping into problem-focused (directly changing the stressor, e.g., planning) and emotion-focused (regulating emotional response, e.g., venting or avoiding). Problem-focused coping fits controllable stress, while emotion-focused works better when the stressor is uncontrollable.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). 《压力、评价与应对》.

Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping.

#应对方式 #问题聚焦 #情绪聚焦

塞利提出的一般适应综合征包含哪三个阶段?

What three stages does Selye's general adaptation syndrome include?

该综合征描述机体对持续压力的反应:警觉期(动员)、抵抗期(适应维持)与耗竭期(资源枯竭致病)。塞利强调长期压力会损害身体,是应激研究的基础框架。
The syndrome describes the body's response to prolonged stress: the alarm stage (mobilization), the resistance stage (adaptation and maintenance), and the exhaustion stage (depletion leading to illness). Selye emphasized that chronic stress damages the body, providing a foundational stress framework.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
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Selye, H. (1956). 《生活的压力》.

Selye, H. (1956). The Stress of Life.

#一般适应综合征 #应激 #塞利

面对急性威胁时,身体的战斗或逃跑反应由什么系统主导?

What system dominates the fight-or-flight response to acute threat?

急性压力激活交感肾上腺髓质轴,释放肾上腺素与去甲肾上腺素,使心率加快、血压升高、血糖上升以应战或逃离。坎农最早系统描述了这一应急反应。
Acute stress activates the sympathetic-adrenomedullary axis, releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine to raise heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose for fighting or fleeing. Cannon was the first to systematically describe this emergency response.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

Cannon, W. B. (1932). 《身体的智慧》.

Cannon, W. B. (1932). The Wisdom of the Body.

#战斗或逃跑 #交感神经 #肾上腺素