列维-斯特劳斯的结构人类学主要关注什么？
What is the main focus of Lévi-Strauss’s structural anthropology?
列维-斯特劳斯在 1949 年《亲属关系的基本结构》等著作中主张，人类文化的表层千差万别，但深层受普遍的心智结构（如二元对立）支配，类似语言的结构规则。这种方法把人类学引向与语言学结合的结构主义。
In works like “The Elementary Structures of Kinship” (1949), Lévi-Strauss argued that surface cultural diversity is governed by universal mental structures—such as binary oppositions—akin to the rules of language. This steered anthropology toward structuralism tied to linguistics.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
克洛德·列维-斯特劳斯《亲属关系的基本结构》（1949）
Claude Lévi-Strauss, “The Elementary Structures of Kinship” (1949)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL31704971W：The elementary structu
#列维-斯特劳斯 #结构人类学 #二元对立
什么是礼物交换与互惠？
What is gift exchange and reciprocity?
人类学家莫斯指出，许多社会的“送礼”并非无偿，而是建立义务性互惠，维系人与人、群体与群体之间的纽带。这种交换塑造了声望、联盟与社会秩序。
Anthropologist Marcel Mauss showed that “gift-giving” in many societies is not free but creates obligatory reciprocity, binding people and groups. Such exchange builds prestige, alliance, and social order.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
莫斯《礼物》(The Gift, 1925)
Marcel Mauss, The Gift (1925)
#礼物交换 #互惠 #莫斯
什么是母系与父系继嗣？
What are matrilineal and patrilineal descent?
继嗣规则决定家族身份与财产沿哪条血脉传递。母系社会按母亲一方计算亲属与继承，父系社会则按父亲一方；还有些社会采用双系继嗣。
Descent rules determine how kinship and inheritance pass down. Matrilineal societies trace identity and property through the mother’s line, patrilineal through the father’s; some use bilateral descent.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#母系 #父系 #继嗣
什么是文化生态学？
What is cultural ecology?
文化生态学由朱利安·斯图尔德提出，研究人类文化如何适应特定自然环境，以及环境如何塑造生计、技术与社会组织。它强调文化与生态之间的相互调适。该视角对理解不同地区的多样生计方式很有价值。
Cultural ecology, proposed by Julian Steward, studies how human cultures adapt to specific natural environments and how environments shape subsistence, technology, and social organization. It stresses mutual adaptation between culture and ecology. The perspective is valuable for understanding diverse livelihoods across regions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#文化生态学 #适应 #环境
什么是参与观察法？
What is participant observation?
参与观察是人类学与社会学常用的田野方法，研究者深入到所研究群体之中，既观察又在一定程度上参与其日常活动以收集资料。它能获得深入、情境化的理解，但也面临主观偏差与伦理问题。马林诺夫斯基的田野工作被视为该方法的奠基性实践。
Participant observation is a fieldwork method in anthropology and sociology where the researcher lives within the group, both observing and partially taking part in daily life to gather data. It yields deep, contextual understanding but faces subjectivity bias and ethical issues. Malinowski's fieldwork is seen as foundational to the method.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#参与观察 #田野方法 #人类学
什么是涵化？
What is acculturation?
涵化指两个不同文化长期接触后，一方或双方的行为、价值观发生变迁的过程，如移民群体吸收主流文化的语言与习惯。它不同于同化——涵化未必放弃原有文化。
Acculturation is the change in one or both groups’ behaviors and values after sustained contact between cultures, such as immigrants adopting the host language. Unlike assimilation, acculturation need not mean abandoning the original culture.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#涵化 #文化接触 #同化
什么是亲属制度？
What are kinship systems?
亲属制度是一套规定人们如何认定亲戚、继承财产和分配责任的规则，不同文化有的按父系、有的按母系或双系来计算亲属。
Kinship systems are rules for recognizing relatives, inheriting property, and assigning duties. Cultures differ in tracing kin through the father's line, mother's line, or both.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#亲属 #家族 #制度
为什么人类进化成直立行走？
Why did humans evolve to walk upright?
直立行走让早期人类在开阔草原上更省力地远行、腾出双手使用工具，并减少阳光直射体表，有利于生存和繁衍。
Walking upright let early humans travel farther on open savanna with less effort, freed the hands for tools, and reduced sun exposure, aiding survival and reproduction.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#直立行走 #进化 #人类
什么是文化人类学？
What is cultural anthropology?
文化人类学通过观察和参与，研究不同人群的生活方式、信仰、习俗和意义系统，帮助理解人类文化的多样性。
Cultural anthropology studies people's livelihoods, beliefs, customs, and meaning systems through observation and participation, helping us understand cultural diversity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#文化人类学 #田野 #多样性
玛格丽特·米德在《萨摩亚人的成年》中提出了什么争议性观点？
What controversial claim did Margaret Mead make in “Coming of Age in Samoa”?
米德在 1928 年通过对萨摩亚少女的田野调查，认为青春期困扰主要源于文化而非生物本能，即“天性 vs 教化”之争中偏向教化。该结论后来受到德里克·弗里曼的强烈质疑。
In 1928 Mead’s fieldwork among Samoan girls argued that adolescent turmoil stems mainly from culture rather than biological instinct—a nurture-over-nature claim in the nature vs. nurture debate. Her conclusions were later strongly challenged by Derek Freeman.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
玛格丽特·米德《萨摩亚人的成年》（1928）
Margaret Mead, “Coming of Age in Samoa” (1928)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL73787W：Coming of age in Samoa（首版
#玛格丽特·米德 #萨摩亚 #天性vs教化
什么是图腾？
What is a totem?
图腾是某些社会中被视为氏族祖先或保护象征的自然物（动植物或自然现象），成员以它命名并遵守相关禁忌。它体现了人类早期的族群认同与信仰体系。
A totem is a natural object—plant, animal, or phenomenon—regarded by a group as its ancestor or protective symbol, giving the group its name and associated taboos. It reflects early clan identity and belief systems.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#图腾 #氏族 #信仰
什么是物质文化与非物质文化？
What are material and non-material culture?
物质文化指人类创造的可触知的实物，如工具、建筑、服饰和艺术品；非物质文化指观念、语言、习俗、信仰与制度等不可触知的部分。两者共同构成一种文化，并相互影响。研究它们有助于理解社会的物质与精神维度。
Material culture refers to tangible objects humans create, such as tools, buildings, clothing, and art; non-material culture refers to intangible parts like ideas, language, customs, beliefs, and institutions. Together they form a culture and influence each other. Studying both helps understand a society's material and spiritual dimensions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#物质文化 #非物质文化 #文化遗产
什么是族群？
What is an ethnic group?
族群是指基于共同的祖先、语言、宗教或文化认同而自我认同并被他人识别的社会群体。族群身份既有客观特征，也在社会互动中被建构和维系。理解族群有助于认识多元社会中的身份与冲突。
An ethnic group is a social group bound by shared ancestry, language, religion, or cultural identity, both self-identified and recognized by others. Ethnic identity has objective features but is also constructed and maintained through social interaction. Understanding ethnicity helps explain identity and conflict in diverse societies.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#族群 #认同 #文化
人类学的“参与观察”方法由谁奠定？
Who established the “participant observation” method in anthropology?
参与观察要求研究者长期生活在研究对象社区中、既参与又系统记录当地生活，这一民族志方法的现代范式由马林诺夫斯基在 1922 年《西太平洋的航海者》中确立。它至今仍是社会人类学收集资料的核心方法。
Participant observation requires the researcher to live long-term in the studied community, both joining and systematically recording local life; its modern ethnographic form was established by Malinowski in 1922’s “Argonauts of the Western Pacific.” It remains the core method of social anthropology.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基《西太平洋的航海者》（1922）
Bronisław Malinowski, “Argonauts of the Western Pacific” (1922)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1211011W：Argonauts of the wester
#参与观察 #马林诺夫斯基 #民族志
什么是部落与氏族？
What are tribes and clans?
氏族是以共同祖先为基础的血缘群体，部落则是由多个氏族或族群组成的更大共同体，常有共同的领袖、语言或领地。
A clan is a kin group based on a common ancestor; a tribe is a larger community of several clans or groups, often sharing a leader, language, or territory.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#部落 #氏族 #血缘
什么是新石器时代革命？
What was the Neolithic Revolution?
新石器时代革命约始于一万年前，人类由采集狩猎转向定居农耕与动物驯化，开始储存粮食、建立村落。它奠定了人口增长、社会分工和国家起源的物质基础。
The Neolithic Revolution, beginning around 10,000 years ago, saw humans shift from foraging to settled farming and animal domestication, enabling food storage and villages. It laid the material basis for population growth, division of labor, and the state.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History, Gollancz, 1937
V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History, Gollancz, 1937
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1138722W：What happened in histor
#新石器时代 #农耕 #驯化
什么是仪式？
What is a ritual?
仪式是依照固定程序、具有象征意义的重复性活动，常见于宗教、生命周期和公共庆典中。它强化群体的身份认同与价值共识，并帮助人们应对生死、过渡等关键时刻。人类学家视仪式为社会凝聚的重要机制。
A ritual is a repeated activity with symbolic meaning performed according to a fixed procedure, common in religion, life-cycle events, and public ceremonies. It reinforces group identity and shared values and helps people navigate key moments like birth, death, and transitions. Anthropologists see rituals as vital to social cohesion.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#仪式 #象征 #社会凝聚
为什么人类会举行仪式？
Why do humans perform rituals?
仪式用固定的动作和符号标记重要时刻、表达信仰、凝聚群体，并帮助人们应对出生、结婚、死亡等不确定的生命转折。
Rituals use fixed actions and symbols to mark important moments, express beliefs, bond groups, and help people cope with uncertain life transitions like birth, marriage, and death.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#仪式 #信仰 #文化
什么是田野调查？
What is fieldwork?
田野调查是人类学家长期住进研究对象社区、通过参与观察和深度访谈收集第一手资料的方法。马林诺夫斯基在特罗布里恩群岛的研究奠定了现代民族志范式。
Fieldwork is when anthropologists live long-term in a community, gathering first-hand data through participant observation and deep interviews. Malinowski’s work in the Trobriand Islands founded the modern ethnographic method.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
布罗尼斯拉夫·马林诺夫斯基《西太平洋的航海者》（1922）
Bronisław Malinowski, “Argonauts of the Western Pacific” (1922)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1211011W：Argonauts of the wester
#田野调查 #民族志 #参与观察
什么是人类学？
What is anthropology?
人类学是研究人类及其文化、社会、生物演化的综合学科，常分为文化人类学、体质人类学和考古学等分支。它强调通过田野调查理解不同人群的多样生活方式。人类学帮助人们以更包容的视角看待文化差异。
Anthropology is the holistic study of humans, their cultures, societies, and biological evolution, often divided into cultural, biological, and archaeological branches. It emphasizes fieldwork to understand the diverse ways of life of different peoples. Anthropology fosters a more inclusive view of cultural difference.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#人类学 #文化 #田野调查
什么是语言与人类文化的关系？
What is the relationship between language and human culture?
语言是人类储存和传递文化的主要载体，也塑造人们认识世界的方式。萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说认为语言结构可能影响思维。不同语言承载着独特的世界观与历史记忆。
Language is the main vehicle for storing and transmitting culture, and it also shapes how people perceive the world. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests language structure may influence thought. Different languages carry unique worldviews and historical memory.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#语言 #文化 #思维
什么是“文化相对论”？
What is “cultural relativism”?
文化相对论主张以某一文化自身的标准而非外部标准来理解和评价其习俗与价值观，由博厄斯在 20 世纪初系统提出。它提醒人们避免用本族中心主义武断评判其他社会。
Cultural relativism holds that a culture’s customs and values should be understood and judged by its own standards rather than external ones; it was systematically advanced by Franz Boas in the early 20th century. It cautions against judging other societies by ethnocentric standards.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
弗朗茨·博厄斯《人类学与现代生活》（Boas, Anthropology and Modern Life）
Franz Boas, “Anthropology and Modern Life”
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.4324/9781003133711：Anthropology and Moder
#文化相对论 #博厄斯 #民族中心主义