克里斯·希林提出的“身体项目”(body project)应当如何理解?它揭示了晚期现代性的什么特征?
How should we understand Chris Shilling's notion of the 'body project', and what feature of late modernity does it reveal?
在前现代语境中,身体的形态与能力大多被当作既定事实接受,而晚期现代性则把身体改造成个体可以且不得不持续加工的开放项目。人们通过节食、健身、整容手术等手段重塑外貌,以回应身份认同的反身性建构需求。希林同时提醒,这种看似扩大的选择自由仍受阶级资源与文化规范的深刻约束,并非人人平等可得。
In premodern settings the shape and capacities of the body were largely accepted as given, whereas late modernity reworks the body into an open project that individuals can and must keep refining. People remodel appearance through dieting, fitness regimes, and cosmetic surgery in response to the reflexive demands of identity construction. Shilling stresses that this seemingly expanded freedom stays deeply constrained by class resources and cultural norms, so it is far from equally available to everyone.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
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克里斯·希林:《身体与社会理论》,Sage出版社1993年首版
Chris Shilling, The Body and Social Theory, Sage Publications, first edition 1993
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#身体项目 #反身性认同
社会学为什么拒绝把身体仅仅当作生物既定的对象来处理?沙灵提出的“身体资本”概念,如何说明体格与外貌参与了社会阶层的再生产?
Why does sociology refuse to treat the body as simply a biologically given object, and how does Chris Shilling’s notion of physical capital explain how physique and appearance take part in the reproduction of social class?
沙灵强调身体具有两重性:它既是被文化与技术不断塑造的社会对象,又是人们据以行动的物质基础,因此不能还原为纯粹的生物学事实。他把可积累、可转换的身体禀赋称作身体资本——体格、仪态与容貌经由教育、体育和消费实践得到投资,并在劳动力市场上兑换为溢价或惩罚,从而使身体差异沉淀为阶层地位的代际传递。
Shilling emphasized the body’s dual character: it is at once a social object continually shaped by culture and technology and the material basis on which people act, so it cannot be reduced to bare biological fact. He called the accumulable, convertible endowments of the body physical capital—physique, bearing, and looks are invested through education, sport, and consumption and cashed out in labor markets as premiums or penalties, letting bodily differences sediment into the intergenerational transmission of class position.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Chris Shilling,《教育身体:身体资本与社会不平等的生产》,《社会学评论》第39卷第4期(1991)
Chris Shilling, 'Educating the Body: Physical Capital and the Production of Social Inequalities', Sociological Review 39(4), 1991
#身体资本 #身体社会学
劳动力市场研究中发现的“美貌溢价”指什么?它为何支持社会学把身体当作一种资本来分析?
What is the 'beauty premium' found in labor-market research, and why does it support sociological analysis of the body as a form of capital?
哈默梅什与比德尔利用美国数据发现,被评为容貌高于平均水平的劳动者享有可观的工资溢价,低于平均者则遭受惩罚,服务业尤为明显。这表明外貌不是纯粹的私人禀赋,而是可以投入、积累并兑换回报的资本形态。身体由此被卷入阶层再生产,审美标准也随之成为一种社会筛选机制。
Using US data, Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle showed that workers rated above average in looks enjoy a sizable wage premium while those rated below average suffer a penalty, most visibly in service occupations. Appearance is thus not a purely private endowment but a form of capital that can be invested, accumulated, and converted into returns. The body is thereby drawn into class reproduction, and aesthetic standards become one mechanism of social sorting.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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皮埃尔·布迪厄《区分:判断力的社会批判》(1979);丹尼尔·哈默梅什、杰夫·比德尔《美貌与劳动力市场》,《美国经济评论》(1994)
Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979); Daniel Hamermesh & Jeff Biddle, Beauty and the Labor Market, American Economic Review (1994)
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#美貌溢价 #身体资本