什么是人口转变理论？
What is the demographic transition theory?
人口转变理论描述社会从传统高出生高死亡，经历死亡率先降、出生率后降，最终走向低出生低死亡的阶段过程。它常与工业化、城市化和医疗卫生改善相联系。该理论帮助解释不同国家的人口增长差异。
Demographic transition theory describes how societies move from high birth and death rates, through a stage where death rates fall first and birth rates later, to low birth and death rates. It is often linked to industrialization, urbanization, and better healthcare. The theory helps explain cross-country differences in population growth.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口转变 #出生率 #死亡率
人口红利如何转化为经济增长？
How does a demographic dividend yield economic growth?
当生育率下降使少儿抚养比降低、劳动年龄人口占比升高，储蓄与产出暂时上升，但需就业与制度配合才能兑现。
Falling fertility lowers the youth dependency ratio and raises the working-age share, temporarily boosting savings and output—if jobs and institutions align.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口红利 #经济增长
什么是人口惯性？
What is population momentum?
人口惯性指即使生育率已降到更替水平，由于大量青年人口将陆续进入育龄，总人口仍会持续增长一段时间的现象。它说明人口变化具有滞后性。
Population momentum means that even after fertility falls to replacement level, total population keeps growing for a while because many young people will still enter childbearing age. Demographic change lags behind.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口惯性 #生育率 #滞后
为什么约 2.1 被称为“更替水平生育率”？
Why is roughly 2.1 called the “replacement-level fertility”?
更替水平生育率指每一代母亲恰好生育足够女儿来替代自身的数量；由于部分女童在育龄前死亡，这个数值略高于 2（约 2.1），而非正好 2。长期低于该水平，人口将趋于萎缩。
Replacement-level fertility is the number of daughters a woman must have on average to replace herself; because some girls die before reproductive age, the figure is slightly above 2 (about 2.1) rather than exactly 2. Sustained below this level, a population tends to shrink.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
联合国人口司（UN Population Division）《世界人口展望》
UN Population Division, “World Population Prospects”
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL33106834W：World population prosp
#更替水平 #生育率 #人口更替
科尔提出的生育率下降「三个前提条件」说的是什么？
What are the 'three preconditions' for fertility decline that Coale proposed?
科尔与沃特金斯在 1986 年总结，一个社会的生育率要下降，须同时满足：夫妻有「控制生育」的意愿、知道并掌握可行方法、且认为少生「利大于弊」。该框架解释了为何现代化未必自动带来低生育。
Coale and Watkins argued in 1986 that a society's fertility falls only when three conditions hold: couples want to limit births, know and can use feasible methods, and see fewer children as advantageous. The framework explains why modernization does not automatically produce low fertility.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Coale & Watkins，《欧洲生育率的下降》(1986)
Coale & Watkins, 'The Decline of Fertility in Europe' (1986)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2608753W：The Decline of Fertilit
#科尔三前提 #生育率 #人口转变
人口预测使用哪些方法？
What methods do population projections use?
常用队列要素法，按分年龄的生育、死亡与迁徙假设推算未来规模，结果对假设高度敏感。
The cohort-component method projects by age-specific fertility, mortality, and migration assumptions; results are highly assumption-sensitive.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口预测 #方法
气候迁移与人口流动有何关联？
How are climate migration and mobility linked?
极端天气与海平面上升迫使部分人口内迁或跨境移动，但多数先在国内短距离迁移，跨境流动受政策限制。
Extreme weather and sea-level rise displace people, yet most move short domestic distances first; cross-border movement is policy-constrained.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#气候迁移 #环境
低生育率陷阱假说指什么？
What is the low-fertility trap hypothesis?
它认为一旦生育率长期低于更替水平，经济、社会与心理机制会相互强化，使回升更加困难。
It argues that once fertility stays below replacement, economic, social, and psychological forces reinforce each other, making recovery harder.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#低生育率陷阱 #生育
什么是“人口红利”？它为什么会存在，又为什么会消失？
What is the "demographic dividend", why does it appear, and why does it fade?
出生率下降后，劳动年龄人口占比上升、被抚养人口占比下降，就形成“人口红利”：充足的劳动力、较轻的抚养负担和较高的储蓄率，为经济快速增长创造了条件，东亚多个经济体都曾抓住这一窗口。但红利不会自动兑现，需要教育普及和足够的就业岗位；它也会随老龄化消退——劳动年龄人口占比下降、老年抚养比上升，增长动力减弱。这正是许多国家如今转向提升劳动生产率、延迟退休和吸纳移民的原因。
After birth rates fall, the working-age share rises while the dependent share falls, creating a demographic dividend: ample labor, lighter dependency burdens, and higher savings that enable rapid growth, a window several East Asian economies seized. But the dividend isn't automatic; it needs education and jobs. It also fades with aging, as the working-age share shrinks and elderly dependency rises, weakening the growth engine. That's why many countries now lean on productivity, later retirement, and migration.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
联合国（人口与发展研究）
United Nations (population and development research)
#人口红利 #抚养比 #经济增长
什么是总和生育率与人口替代的关系？
What is the relationship between total fertility rate and population replacement?
当总和生育率长期低于更替水平（约2.1）时，若不考虑迁移，人口将趋向萎缩；高于更替水平则趋向扩张。由于人口惯性，生育率变化对总量的影响往往滞后数十年才充分显现。因此政策响应需要长期视角。
When the total fertility rate stays below replacement level (about 2.1) without migration, a population tends to shrink; above it, it tends to grow. Due to population momentum, the effect of fertility change on total size often lags decades. Policy responses therefore need a long-term perspective.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#生育率 #更替水平 #人口惯性
考德威尔的“财富流向”理论如何用代际资源转移方向解释高生育率社会的转变？
How did Caldwell's 'wealth flows' theory use the direction of intergenerational resource transfer to explain the fertility transition in high-fertility societies?
考德威尔主张在传统社会财富从子女流向父母（儿童是资产），现代化后转为父母向子女净投资（儿童成负担），从而抑制生育。该理论把生育选择嵌入家庭经济学与代际权力。
Caldwell argued that in traditional societies wealth flows from children to parents (children as assets); modernization reverses it to net parental investment, discouraging fertility. The theory embeds fertility choice in family economics and generational power.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
约翰·考德威尔《财富流向理论与生育转变》(1976, Population and Development Review)
John C. Caldwell, 'Toward a Restatement of Demographic Transition Theory' (1976), Population and Development Review
#考德威尔 #财富流向 #生育转变 #代际
什么是生命表？
What is a life table?
生命表是汇总各年龄死亡概率、预期余命等指标的统计表，是人口学与保险精算的基础工具。它既能描述当前死亡模式，也可用于预测未来人口动态。
A life table summarizes age-specific death probabilities and remaining life expectancy; it underpins demography and actuarial science. It both describes current mortality and projects future population dynamics.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#生命表 #死亡率 #预期余命
李—卡特模型的三个组成成分各自承担什么任务?把它用于长期外推会遇到哪些结构性盲点?
What roles do the three components of the Lee-Carter model play, and which structural blind spots surface when it extrapolates far into the future?
模型将取对数的年龄别死亡率分解为三项:随年龄起伏的基线形态、刻画总体死亡水平逐年改善的公共时间指数,以及把该指数传导到各个年龄组的敏感性系数,时间指数常按随机游走加漂移外推。其软肋在于假定年龄剖面长期稳定,因而难以吸收死因结构转型、队列效应或寿命上限之争引发的形态变化,跨国指数也未必同步演进。即便如此,它仍是各国官方死亡率预测引用最广的统计基准。
The model splits log age-specific mortality into three terms: an age profile setting baseline levels, a shared temporal index capturing overall improvement year by year, and sensitivity coefficients translating that index onto each age group, with the index commonly projected by random-walk-with-drift. Its weakness lies in assuming a stable age pattern, so it struggles to absorb cause-of-death transitions, cohort effects, or disputes over longevity ceilings, and national indexes need not move in step. It remains nonetheless the most widely cited statistical benchmark in official mortality forecasting.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
罗纳德·李、劳伦斯·卡特〈美国死亡率的建模与预测〉,《美国统计学会杂志》第87卷第419期(1992)
Ronald D. Lee and Lawrence R. Carter, 'Modeling and Forecasting U.S. Mortality', Journal of the American Statistical Association 87(419), 1992
#死亡率预测 #年龄—时期分解
为什么描述人口年龄结构常用“人口金字塔”？
Why is population age structure usually shown as a "population pyramid"?
把各年龄段人口按性别画成条形图，当年轻人多、老年人少时，图形就是下宽上尖的“金字塔”形，代表人口快速增长的年轻社会。随着出生率下降，塔底收窄；在老龄化社会，图形甚至会变成接近倒梯形。所以看一眼金字塔的形状，就能大致判断一个社会是年轻还是老化。
When each age group is drawn as a bar by sex, a population with many young people and few elderly forms a wide-base, narrow-top pyramid, representing a young, fast-growing society. As birth rates fall, the base narrows; in aging societies the shape can approach an inverted trapezoid. A glance at the pyramid thus reveals whether a society is young or old.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口金字塔 #年龄结构 #人口转型
各国普遍存在的性别工资差距主要由哪些因素造成？
What factors generally explain the persistent gender pay gap across countries?
差距来自多个叠加因素：职业隔离（女性和男性集中在不同行业岗位，女性集中的职业往往薪酬更低）、生育与家务分工导致的职业中断和经验积累减少、晋升中的隐性壁垒（“玻璃天花板”），以及部分刻板印象与歧视。即使控制行业、工时等变量，仍有不可解释的部分。OECD数据显示其成员平均性别工资差距约12%，缩小它需要育儿支持、同酬立法与破除职业隔离等组合政策。
The gap stems from overlapping factors: occupational segregation (women and men cluster in different jobs, with female-dominated fields paying less), career interruptions and slower experience accumulation from childbearing and domestic work, hidden barriers to promotion (the glass ceiling), and some stereotyping and discrimination. Even after controlling for industry and hours, an unexplained part remains. OECD data put the average gender pay gap across members around 12%; narrowing it requires combined policies—childcare support, equal-pay legislation, and desegregation of occupations.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3361621W：Principles of Economics
#性别工资差距 #职业隔离 #玻璃天花板
马尔萨斯的《人口论》核心论点是什么？
What is the core argument of Malthus’s “Essay on the Principle of Population”?
马尔萨斯在 1798 年提出，人口若不受限制会按几何级数（1,2,4,8…）增长，而生活资料至多按算术级数（1,2,3,4…）增长，因此贫困与饥荒会以“积极抑制”方式必然出现。这一悲观论题深刻影响了后世的经济学与人口学。
In 1798 Malthus argued that population, unchecked, grows geometrically (1,2,4,8…) while subsistence grows at best arithmetically (1,2,3,4…), so poverty and famine inevitably act as “positive checks.” This pessimistic thesis deeply influenced later economics and demography.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
托马斯·马尔萨斯《人口论》（An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798）
Thomas Malthus, “An Essay on the Principle of Population” (1798)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL7999329W：An essay on the princip
#马尔萨斯 #人口论 #人口增长
什么是生育率？
What is fertility rate?
生育率通常指一名女性一生平均生育的孩子数；总和生育率约2.1才能维持人口不增不减。
Fertility rate usually means the average number of children a woman has; a total fertility rate around 2.1 keeps population stable.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#生育率 #出生 #统计
人们为什么愿意离开家乡，迁移到别的城市或国家？
Why do people leave home to move to another city or country?
迁移是“推拉因素”共同作用的结果：家乡的推力包括收入低、就业机会少、自然灾害或环境压力；目的地的拉力包括更高的工资、更好的教育医疗和发展机会。人们会权衡迁移的成本（路费、适应困难、与家人分离）与收益。经济机会是最主要的动因，而迁移也会反过来改变迁出地与迁入地的人口结构和家庭关系。
Migration results from push and pull factors working together: home pushes include low income, scarce jobs, disasters, or environmental pressure; destination pulls include higher wages, better education and health care, and opportunity. People weigh the costs of moving, such as expense, adjustment, and separation from family, against the gains. Economic opportunity is the strongest driver, and migration in turn reshapes population and families in both origin and destination.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
联合国（国际移民与人口研究）
United Nations (research on international migration and population)
#人口迁移 #推拉理论 #流动人口
什么是抚养比？
What is the dependency ratio?
非劳动年龄人口（少儿与老人）与劳动年龄人口之比，反映每百名劳动者供养的人数。
It is the ratio of dependents (young and old) to working-age people, showing how many each worker supports.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#抚养比 #劳动力
什么是迁移（人口流动）？
What is migration (population movement)?
人口迁移指人们为了工作、学习、家庭或安全等原因跨越一定边界（国内或国际）的长期居住地变动。它改变来源地与目的地的年龄结构和劳动力供给。迁移既是个人追求更好生活的选择，也带来文化融合与社会治理议题。
Migration is the long-term change of residence across a boundary, domestic or international, for reasons like work, study, family, or safety. It alters the age structure and labor supply of both origin and destination. Migration is both a personal pursuit of better life and a source of cultural integration and governance issues.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#迁移 #移民 #人口流动
为什么公共交通普遍需要政府补贴而非完全靠票价运营？
Why is public transit generally subsidized rather than financed entirely by fares?
公共交通有显著的正外部性：缓解拥堵、减少排放与事故，这些收益无法通过票价收回；同时它有很强的规模经济和网络效应，载客量越大平均成本越低，按边际成本定价必然亏损。若票价定得过高，乘客转回私家车，反而加剧拥堵，社会总成本上升。因此补贴的合理性在于把外部收益内部化，但经济学也提醒要比较补贴与替代方案（如道路定价）的成本效益，避免无效率的过度投资。
Public transit generates large positive externalities—less congestion, lower emissions, fewer accidents—that fares cannot capture; it also has strong economies of scale and network effects, with average costs falling as ridership rises, so marginal-cost pricing inevitably runs a deficit. Setting fares too high pushes riders back into cars, worsening congestion and raising total social cost. Subsidies internalize these external benefits, but economics also warns that subsidized projects should be compared with alternatives such as road pricing on cost-benefit grounds, to avoid inefficient overinvestment.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL3361621W：Principles of Economics
#公共交通 #外部性 #补贴
什么是预期寿命？
What is life expectancy?
预期寿命指在一定年龄和时期死亡率条件下，某人平均可存活的年数，常用出生时的预期寿命衡量整体健康水平。它受营养、医疗、卫生和环境等因素影响。过去一个世纪全球预期寿命总体显著上升。
Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live given current age- and period-specific mortality, with life expectancy at birth commonly used to gauge overall health. It is affected by nutrition, healthcare, sanitation, and environment. Globally it rose substantially over the past century.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
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John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#预期寿命 #死亡率 #公共卫生
什么是死亡率与预期寿命？
What are mortality and life expectancy?
死亡率是某时期死亡人数与人口之比；预期寿命指新生儿平均预期存活年数，二者反映健康水平。
Mortality is deaths per population in a period; life expectancy is the average years a newborn is expected to live, both reflecting health.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#预期寿命 #健康
总和生育率是什么？
What is the total fertility rate?
指一名女性按当前年龄别生育率一生平均生育的子女数，替代水平约为2.1以维持人口稳定。
It is the average children a woman would bear at current age-specific rates; about 2.1 replaces a population.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
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John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#生育率 #人口
移民对人口结构有何影响？
How do migrants affect population structure?
迁移改变的主要是年龄与性别构成，而不只是总人口数。外迁者集中在劳动年龄、常带配偶子女，于是迁入地结构偏轻、劳动力获补充，迁出地留下更多长辈与更少青年，出现留守式老龄化。这也是过渡效应：移民自己会变老，其子女的较高出生数只在结构偏年轻的阶段明显，生育水平随后向当地靠拢。迁入地人数增加不等于当地总人口长期由此上升，也推不出公共服务负担的方向。
Migration chiefly changes age and sex composition rather than simply the total population. Movers are concentrated in working ages and often bring spouses and children, so a receiving place gains a younger structure and a replenished labour force, while a sending place is left with more elders and fewer young people, producing a left-behind form of ageing. The effect is transitional as well: migrants grow old themselves, the higher birth count of their children shows only while the structure is still young, and fertility then converges on local levels. A larger headcount in a receiving place is not a long-term rise in its total population in itself, and it does not indicate which way the load on public services moves.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#移民 #结构
什么是性别比？
What is the sex ratio?
性别比是人口中男性对女性的数量之比，通常用每100名女性对应的男性数表示。出生性别比自然约为105，但某些地区因偏好男孩而明显偏高。
The sex ratio is the number of males per females in a population, often per 100 females. The natural sex ratio at birth is about 105, but some regions show higher imbalances due to son preference.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#性别比 #出生 #偏好
老龄化社会的“照护负担”为什么既是家庭问题也是宏观经济问题？
Why is the “care burden” of an aging society both a family problem and a macroeconomic one?
人口老龄化使失能老人比例上升，而家庭规模缩小、女性（传统照护主力）就业率提高，使“家庭无偿照护”供给下降，形成照护缺口。若由公共养老或保险体系买单，护理开支在GDP中占比持续上升，挤压其他支出；护理劳动力缺口又推高工资成本。这就是“照护经济”议题：它关系到劳动供给、财政可持续与性别平等，需要护理保险、家庭照护者支持与正规护理产业协同应对。
Aging raises the share of disabled elderly, while shrinking family size and rising female employment—traditionally the main caregivers—reduce unpaid family care, creating a care gap. If public pensions and insurance pay for it, long-term-care spending keeps rising as a share of GDP, crowding out other spending, and shortages of care workers push up wage costs. Known as the “care economy,” the issue connects labor supply, fiscal sustainability, and gender equality, calling for coordinated long-term-care insurance, support for family carers, and a formalized care sector.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
OECD（《健康一览》·长期护理篇）
OECD (Health at a Glance, long-term care)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL21106910M：Long-term care（首版 1995
#老龄化 #照护经济 #长期护理
人口老龄化是怎么形成的？会带来哪些挑战？
How does population aging happen, and what challenges does it bring?
老龄化主要由出生率下降和人均寿命延长共同造成：出生的人变少，而人们活得更久，老年人口占比自然上升。它带来的挑战包括劳动力减少、养老金和医疗负担加重、失能照护需求增加。应对思路有延迟退休、完善生育支持政策、发展养老产业，以及在必要时引入移民补充劳动力。
Aging is driven mainly by falling birth rates and longer life expectancy: fewer births and longer lives raise the share of older people. Challenges include a shrinking workforce, heavier pension and health-care burdens, and rising care needs. Responses include later retirement, stronger support for childbearing, growing eldercare industries, and, where needed, immigration to replenish labor.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#老龄化 #养老金 #劳动力
“人口转变”理论如何描述从高位均衡到低位均衡的四个阶段？它为何能解释发达国家生育率下降？
How does the 'demographic transition' theory describe four stages from high to low equilibrium, and why does it explain fertility decline in developed countries?
该理论把转变分为高死高产、死亡率先降、出生率跟进下降、低死低产四阶段，核心机制是工业化后死亡率下降而出生率滞后。它把生育率下降与城市化、教育及儿童成本上升联系起来。
The theory's four stages move from high stationary, through falling mortality, then falling fertility, to low stationary; the lag of fertility behind mortality is central. It links fertility decline to urbanization, education, and rising child-rearing costs.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
弗兰克·诺特斯坦《人口：长远视角》(1945, 收入《人口史研究》)；联合国《世界人口展望2022》报告
Frank W. Notestein, 'Population: The Long View' (1945), in Schulz (ed.) Population and Food Supplies; UN DESA, World Population Prospects 2022
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.18356/9789210014380：World Population Pros
#人口转变 #生育率 #死亡率 #工业化
为什么有些国家人口在减少？
Why is population declining in some countries?
当生育率长期低于更替水平、且移民不足时，去世的人多于出生的人，人口就会逐渐萎缩，常见于老龄化的发达国家。
When fertility stays below replacement and immigration is low, deaths exceed births and population shrinks, common in aging developed countries.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口减少 #生育率 #老龄化
什么是人口年龄结构？
What is population age structure?
年龄结构指各年龄段人口在总人口中的占比，常用少年比、劳动年龄比和老年比表示。它决定抚养负担与发展潜力，老龄化社会表现为老年比重显著上升。
Age structure is the share of each age band in the total population, often as child, working-age, and elderly ratios. It shapes dependency and development potential; an aging society shows a rising elderly share.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#年龄结构 #老龄化 #抚养
什么是人口密度？
What is population density?
人口密度是单位面积土地上住了多少人，通常用每平方公里人数表示，用来比较各地拥挤程度。
Population density is how many people live per unit area, usually people per square kilometer, comparing how crowded places are.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口密度 #面积 #分布
什么是粗出生率？
What is the crude birth rate?
粗出生率是一年内每千名总人口中活产婴儿的数量，是最常用的生育水平指标之一。它简便但受年龄结构影响，因此常与总和生育率配合使用。
The crude birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 total population in a year, a common fertility indicator. Simple but sensitive to age structure, so it is often paired with the total fertility rate.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#粗出生率 #生育 #指标
什么是城镇化率？
What is the urbanization rate?
城镇人口占总人口的比重，是衡量发展阶段与经济结构变化的常用指标。
It is the urban share of total population, a common gauge of development and structural change.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#城镇化率 #发展
流行病学转变理论如何解释死亡原因随发展的变化？
How does the epidemiologic transition theory explain how causes of death change with development?
阿布戴尔·奥姆兰于 1971 年提出，社会从「瘟疫与饥荒期」走向「退化性疾病与人为疾病期」，主要死因由传染病转为心脑血管病与癌症。该理论把人口健康变化与经济发展、公共卫生进步直接联系起来。
Abdel Omran argued in 1971 that societies move from an 'age of pestilence and famine' to an 'age of degenerative and man-made diseases,' shifting the main causes of death from infections to heart disease and cancer. The theory links population health directly to economic development and public-health progress.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Omran，《流行病学转变理论》(1971)
Omran, 'The Epidemiologic Transition' (1971)
#流行病学转变 #死亡率 #公共卫生
什么是婴儿死亡率？
What is the infant mortality rate?
婴儿死亡率是每千名活产婴儿中，在满一岁前死亡的人数。它是综合反映一国医疗卫生、营养与母婴保健水平最敏感的指标之一。
The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths before age one per 1,000 live births. It is one of the most sensitive indicators of a country’s health care, nutrition, and maternal-child care.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》
John Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week：Population : an intr
#婴儿死亡率 #健康 #卫生
什么是老龄化社会？
What is an aging society?
当一个国家或地区65岁及以上老人占总人口比例较高（通常超过7%或14%）时，就称为老龄化社会，会带来养老和劳动力压力。
When the share of people aged 65 and over is high (often above 7% or 14%), a society is called aging, bringing pressure on pensions and the workforce.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#老龄化 #老年人 #社会
“人口红利”概念指什么？它为何既可能促进增长，也可能因就业不足而落空？
What does the 'demographic dividend' mean, and why can it both boost growth and fail when jobs are lacking?
人口红利指劳动年龄人口占比上升、抚养比下降带来的潜在增长窗口。它并非自动实现，需要充足就业、教育与资本积累把“数量优势”转化为生产力。
The demographic dividend is the growth window when the working-age share rises and dependency falls. It is not automatic; it requires sufficient employment, education, and capital to convert numerical advantage into productivity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
戴维·布鲁姆与杰弗里·威廉姆森《人口转变与东亚奇迹》(1998, 收入《东亚奇迹的再思考》)
David E. Bloom and Jeffrey D. Williamson, 'Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles' (1998), in Rethinking the East Asian Miracle
#人口红利 #抚养比 #劳动年龄 #增长窗口
什么是“人口转型”理论？它描述哪几个阶段？
What is the “demographic transition” theory, and what stages does it describe?
人口转型理论描述了社会从工业化前到后工业化的生育与死亡模式演变：第一阶段高出生高死亡、第二阶段死亡率下降而出生率仍高、第三阶段出生率下降、第四阶段低出生低死亡并趋于稳定。多数国家已走过前三个阶段。
The demographic transition theory describes how fertility and mortality evolve from pre-industrial to post-industrial society: Stage 1 high birth/high death, Stage 2 falling death but high birth, Stage 3 falling birth, Stage 4 low/stable birth and death. Most countries have passed the first three stages.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口转型 #出生率 #死亡率
什么是人口分布？
What is population distribution?
人口分布描述人口在地理空间上的疏密格局，受地形、气候、水源与经济活动影响。全球人口高度集中于亚洲、沿海低地与大河流域，而极地、沙漠人烟稀少。
Population distribution describes how people are spread across space, shaped by terrain, climate, water, and economic activity. Globally, population concentrates in Asia, coastal lowlands, and river valleys, while poles and deserts are sparse.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口分布 #地理 #集聚
为什么越来越多国家的出生率在下降？
Why are birth rates falling in more and more countries?
主要是因为养育成本上升和观念变化：养孩子需要大量时间和金钱，女性教育水平提高后更多投入事业，社会保障让“养儿防老”不再必要，避孕普及也使人能自主决定生育的数量和时机。经济越发达，出生率往往越低，这是全球普遍趋势——许多国家的总和生育率已低于维持人口所需的2.1左右。
Mainly because the costs of raising children have risen and values have changed: kids demand time and money, better-educated women increasingly pursue careers, social security removes the need for children as old-age insurance, and contraception lets people decide whether and when to have them. Richer economies tend to have lower birth rates, a global trend, with many countries' total fertility now below the roughly 2.1 needed to sustain population.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#出生率 #总和生育率 #人口转型
城市为什么能持续吸引人口和企业？所谓“集聚经济”指什么？
Why do cities keep attracting people and firms? What is meant by agglomeration economies?
集聚经济指企业与人在地理上集中带来的效率提升：共享投入品和基础设施、劳动力“蓄水池”降低招工风险、知识外溢（“站在别人肩膀上”）、同行业集聚深化专业化分工。这些效应使生产率随城市规模上升，但也会带来通勤拥堵、地价房价上涨和环境污染等“拥挤成本”。城市规模正是集聚收益与拥挤成本的平衡点。
Agglomeration economies are efficiency gains from geographic concentration: sharing inputs and infrastructure, labor-market pooling that reduces hiring risk, knowledge spillovers (“standing on others' shoulders”), and deepening specialization. These make productivity rise with city size, but also bring congestion, higher land and housing prices, and pollution—“agglomeration costs.” A city's size balances these gains and costs.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
World Bank（《世界发展报告2009：重塑世界经济地理》）
World Bank (World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography)
#城市 #集聚经济 #知识外溢
第二次人口转变理论与经典的第一次人口转变相比,新增了哪些关于婚姻与生育行为的观察?
Compared with the first demographic transition, what new observations about marriage and childbearing does second demographic transition theory add?
第一次人口转变刻画死亡率率先下降、随后生育率伴随现代化持续走低的进程,关注的是数量的变化。第二次转变聚焦质的重构:初婚推迟、同居与非婚生育增多、离婚攀升、自愿不育扩散,并把动因归结为个体自我实现的更高诉求。莱斯特黑格与范德卡在1980年代系统阐述该框架,用以解释西北欧家庭形态的多元化。
The first demographic transition described mortality falling ahead of sustained fertility decline under modernization, essentially a story of quantity. The second transition centers on qualitative restructuring: postponed marriage, rising cohabitation and nonmarital births, divorce, and deliberate childlessness, traced to post-material aspirations for self-realization. Lesthaeghe and van de Kaa systematized this frame in the 1980s to explain family diversification in northwestern Europe.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
范德卡〈欧洲的第二次人口转变〉,《人口与发展评论》第11卷第1期(1985);莱斯特黑格〈西欧百年人口与文化变迁〉,《人口与发展评论》第9卷第3期(1983)
Dirk van de Kaa, 'Europe's Second Demographic Transition', Population Development Review, 11(1), 1985; Ron Lesthaeghe, 'A Century of Demographic and Cultural Change in Western Europe', Population and Development Review, 9(3), 1983
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL10635305W：Europe's second demogr
#人口转变 #家庭变迁
抚养比的何种变动造就了所谓人口红利?这种红利又因何可能反转为负担?
What movement in dependency ratios generates a demographic dividend, and why might that dividend later invert into a burden?
生育率下行初期,劳动年龄人口占比抬升而少儿与老年抚养压力同步减轻,储蓄和投资的空间随之扩大,这就是人口红利的来源。红利不会自动兑现,充分就业与人力资本投入决定其能否转化为增长。若配套制度缺位,待庞大世代步入老年后抚养比反转,养老支出骤增,红利便蜕变为人口负债。
Early in fertility decline the working-age share climbs while child and elderly dependency eases, enlarging room for saving and investment—that is the dividend's source. It does not pay out automatically; full employment and human-capital spending decide whether it becomes growth. Where supporting institutions lag, the vast cohorts eventually age, dependency reverses, pension costs balloon, and the dividend decays into a liability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Bloom 与 Williamson 论文《人口转型与新兴亚洲的经济奇迹》,载《世界经济评论》1998 年第 12 卷
David E. Bloom & Jeffrey G. Williamson, Demographic Transitions and Economic Miracles in Emerging Asia, World Bank Economic Review, vol. 12, 1998
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1093/wber/12.3.419：Demographic Transition
#人口红利 #抚养比
为什么人口普查很重要？
Why is a census important?
人口普查清点一个国家有多少人、住在哪里、做什么，是政府规划学校、医院和交通等公共服务的基础数据。
A census counts how many people there are, where they live, and what they do, providing the basic data for planning schools, hospitals, and transport.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口普查 #统计 #规划
什么是“人口金字塔”？
What is a “population pyramid”?
人口金字塔是一种用背靠背条形图按年龄和性别展示人口分布的图形，横轴为人数、纵轴为年龄组。它的形状能直观反映一个国家是年轻型、成年型还是老年型社会。
A population pyramid is a back-to-back bar chart showing a population’s distribution by age and sex, with numbers on the horizontal axis and age groups on the vertical axis. Its shape reveals whether a society is young, mature, or aging.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口金字塔 #年龄结构 #性别结构
什么是人口增长？
What is population growth?
人口增长指一个地区的人数随时间变多，当出生的人多于去世的人、或迁入的人多于迁出时就会发生。
Population growth means more people in an area over time, occurring when births exceed deaths or arrivals exceed departures.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口增长 #出生 #死亡
「普雷斯顿曲线」揭示了收入水平和平均寿命之间怎样的关系？
What relationship between income level and life expectancy does the 'Preston curve' reveal?
普雷斯顿在 1975 年发现，一个国家越富裕，其国民平均寿命通常越长，但曲线「越往高处越平缓」——从穷到富寿命提升很快，富国之间差距却很小。这说明经济发展初期对健康收益最大。
Preston found in 1975 that richer countries tend to have longer life expectancy, but the curve flattens at the top—gains are large moving out of poverty yet small among wealthy nations. It shows economic development yields the biggest health payoff early on.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Preston，《收入与死亡率关系的变迁》(1975)
Preston, 'The Changing Relation between Income and Mortality' (1975)
#普雷斯顿曲线 #收入 #预期寿命
什么是人口老龄化？
What is population aging?
老年人口比重上升的现象，主要因生育下降与寿命延长，影响养老与劳动力。
It is the rising share of older people from lower fertility and longer life, stressing pensions and labor.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#老龄化 #人口结构
什么是人口普查？
What is a census?
人口普查是定期对所有人口进行逐人登记的调查，为政策与资源分配提供基础数据。
A census is a periodic count of every person, providing baseline data for policy and resource allocation.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
联合国经济和社会事务部《人口和住房普查的原则和建议》第三修订版,2017
United Nations, Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 3, UN Statistics Division, 2017.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL32453664W：Principles and recomme
#人口普查 #数据
什么是人口学？
What is demography?
人口学是研究人口规模、结构、分布及其变化规律的科学，核心是出生、死亡和迁移三大过程。它用生育率、死亡率和迁移率等指标描述人口动态。人口数据对城市规划、教育医疗和经济发展都十分重要。
Demography is the science of population size, structure, distribution, and change, centered on the three processes of birth, death, and migration. It uses indicators like fertility, mortality, and migration rates to describe population dynamics. Population data matter for urban planning, health and education, and economic development.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#人口学 #生育率 #死亡率
什么是城市化？
What is urbanization?
城市化是越来越多人从农村搬到城市居住、城市规模不断扩大的过程，伴随着工厂、学校和交通的发展。
Urbanization is the process of more people moving from villages to cities and cities growing, alongside the development of factories, schools, and transport.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
John Weeks,《Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues》Cengage 多版
J. R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues, Cengage, various editions
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ARCHIVE 标识 populationintrod0000week_o0n4：Population : an
#城市化 #城市 #人口