什么是“黏性价格”？
What are "sticky prices"?
黏性价格指价格对供需变化反应迟缓，因菜单成本、合同与习惯难以即时调整。它解释为何货币政策短期能影响产出而非仅改变价格。新凯恩斯主义将其作为市场不完全的核心假设。
Sticky prices adjust slowly to supply-demand shifts due to menu costs, contracts, and habits. They explain why monetary policy affects output in the short run rather than only prices. New Keynesianism makes this the core assumption of market imperfection.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#黏性价格 #新凯恩斯 #宏观
为什么会出现“吉芬商品”？
Why do "Giffen goods" exist?
吉芬商品是价格上升需求量反而增加的罕见商品，出现在极贫群体中：当主食涨价，实际收入骤降，人们被迫放弃肉菜、买更多廉价主食充饥，收入效应压倒替代效应。它违背一般需求定律，是理论上的特例。
A Giffen good is a rare case where higher price raises quantity demanded, seen among the very poor: when staple food prices rise, real income drops so sharply that people abandon meat and buy more cheap staples, the income effect overpowering the substitution effect. It violates the usual law of demand as a theoretical exception.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#吉芬商品 #需求定律 #收入效应
为什么中央银行上调利率能帮助压低通货膨胀？
Why does a central bank's interest-rate hike help bring inflation down?
利率上升意味着借贷更贵：企业和家庭减少借款与投资，买房买车办企业都变难变贵，总需求随之降温，物价上涨的压力随之减小。同时利率升高让储蓄更有吸引力，消费也会被抑制。这就是货币政策的传导机制，央行借此在控通胀与保增长之间权衡。但效果有滞后，加息过猛也可能把经济推向衰退。
Higher rates make borrowing costlier: firms and households borrow and invest less, big purchases become harder and dearer, aggregate demand cools, and price pressure eases. Higher rates also make saving more attractive, dampening consumption. This is the transmission mechanism of monetary policy, used to balance inflation control against growth. Effects lag, and over-tightening can tip the economy into recession.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（货币与货币政策章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), money and monetary policy chapter
#货币政策 #利率 #中央银行
为什么“助推”常常比强制规定更有效？
Why is a "nudge" often more effective than a mandate?
行为经济学发现人并不总按理性计算决策，而是深受默认选项、框架和惰性的影响。助推通过优化“选择架构”来引导行为，同时保留选择自由：比如把养老金设为默认参加，参与率会大幅上升，因为多数人懒得主动退出。强制则成本高、易引发抵触。助推顺应人性而非对抗人性，但也有人批评它带有“家长式操纵”，所以好的助推应当透明且允许退出。
Behavioral economics shows people don't always decide rationally; they're swayed by defaults, framing, and inertia. A nudge reshapes the choice architecture to guide behavior while preserving freedom of choice, and automatically enrolling workers in pension plans, for instance, lifts participation sharply because few bother to opt out. Mandates are costlier and breed resistance. Nudges work with human nature, though critics call them paternalistic, so good ones stay transparent and easy to exit.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Harvard Business Review（行为经济学·助推研究）
Harvard Business Review (behavioral economics and nudging)
#行为经济学 #助推 #选择架构
为什么有些国家会出现恶性通货膨胀？
Why do some countries experience hyperinflation?
恶性通胀（月率超50%）多源于政府财政失控、靠印钞还债，叠加民众对货币失去信任的“预期螺旋”。一战后的德国与津巴布韦是典型案例。恢复需财政整顿与独立央行重建信任。
Hyperinflation (monthly rate above 50%) mostly stems from runaway fiscal deficits financed by printing money, plus an “expectation spiral” as public trust in the currency collapses. Post-WWI Germany and Zimbabwe are classic cases. Recovery needs fiscal repair and an independent central bank to rebuild trust.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#恶性通胀 #货币 #财政
为什么过去几十年全球极端贫困人口大幅减少？
Why has extreme poverty fallen so dramatically worldwide in recent decades?
最主要的原因是持续的经济增长，尤其是东亚和南亚，它带动了就业和收入提高；贸易开放、农业技术改良、基础设施投入，以及健康和教育普及也在同步发力。世界银行以每天生活费约2.15美元界定极端贫困，全球极端贫困率已从1990年的约38%降到近年的约9%，成绩主要来自中国、印度等国的大规模减贫。但这一进程并不均匀：撒哈拉以南非洲仍是难点，疫情和冲突还曾让全球减贫一度倒退，说明减贫既靠增长，也要靠社会保障和公平分配。
The dominant driver is sustained economic growth, especially in East and South Asia, which raised jobs and incomes, reinforced by open trade, better farming, infrastructure, and expanded health and education. Using the World Bank's extreme-poverty line of about 2.15 U.S. dollars a day, the global rate fell from roughly 38 percent in 1990 to about 9 percent recently, powered largely by large-scale poverty reduction in China and India. Progress is uneven, though: sub-Saharan Africa remains the hardest region, and pandemics and conflict set poverty reduction back, showing that both growth and social protection matter.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
世界银行 (2022), 《贫困与共享繁荣 2022》, 世界银行
World Bank (2022), Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL34024915W：Poverty and Shared Pro
#贫困 #减贫 #发展
通货膨胀（物价普遍上涨）的成因主要有哪些？
What are the main causes of inflation?
主流经济学把成因分成两类：总需求超过总供给的“需求拉动”，以及原材料、工资上涨推高成本的“成本推动”。而在长期，货币供应增长过快是持续通胀的根本原因，弗里德曼因此说“通胀在任何时候任何地方都是一种货币现象”。预期也很关键：一旦人们预期物价要涨，就会提前消费、要求加工资，通胀便自我实现。温和通胀（约2%）被视为健康，恶性通胀则会摧毁储蓄和信用。
Mainstream economics splits the causes into demand-pull, where aggregate demand outstrips supply, and cost-push, where rising input costs and wages push prices up. In the long run, however, rapid money-supply growth is the fundamental driver, which is why Milton Friedman called inflation always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. Expectations matter too: if people expect prices to rise, they spend early and demand raises, making inflation self-fulfilling. Mild inflation around 2 percent is considered healthy, while hyperinflation destroys savings and trust.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#通货膨胀 #货币供应 #通胀预期
什么是量化宽松？
What is quantitative easing (QE)?
量化宽松是央行在利率近零时，直接购买国债等资产向市场注入流动性，以压低长端利率、刺激借贷与投资。它是非常规货币政策。过度使用可能推高资产泡沫与贫富差距。
Quantitative easing is when a central bank, with rates near zero, directly buys government bonds and other assets to inject liquidity, lowering long-term rates and stimulating borrowing and investment. It is unconventional monetary policy. Overuse can inflate asset bubbles and inequality.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#量化宽松 #货币政策 #央行
为什么同一国家内部，不同地区的发展水平会差很多？
Why do regions within one country develop so unevenly?
区域差距来自地理区位（港口、资源）、产业集聚、历史政策布局和人力资本等因素的叠加。经济地理学强调“集聚效应”：企业和人才集中在少数城市形成正反馈，越集聚越有吸引力；而欠发达地区常常陷入产业单一、人才外流、设施不足的循环。政策可以通过转移支付、基础设施投资和培育本地产业来缩小差距，但完全拉平既不现实也未必高效——关键是在整体增长中让各地区的居民都能分享机会。
Regional gaps come from compounding factors: geography such as ports and resources, industrial agglomeration, historical policy, and human capital. Economic geography stresses agglomeration: firms and talent cluster in a few cities in a self-reinforcing loop, while lagging regions often get stuck in a cycle of single industries, out-migration, and weak infrastructure. Policy can narrow the gap through transfers, infrastructure, and developing local industries, but full equalization is neither realistic nor necessarily efficient; the key is letting people in all regions share opportunity amid overall growth.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Fujita, Krugman & Venables,《The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade》(MIT Press, 1999)
Fujita, Krugman & Venables, The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade (MIT Press, 1999)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780262303606 (1999)
#区域差异 #集聚效应 #协调发展
为什么已经花掉的钱（沉没成本）不该影响之后的决定，可人常常做不到？
Why shouldn't sunk costs affect later decisions, and why do people struggle to ignore them?
沉没成本是已发生且无法收回的支出。理性决策只应比较未来的收益与成本，因为过去的钱无论如何都拿不回来。但人们出于“不想浪费”和“不愿承认失败”的心理，会继续给已无望的项目投入，这就是“沉没成本谬误”。它源于损失厌恶和维持自我形象的需要，理解了它才能及时止损。
Sunk costs are expenses already paid that can't be recovered. Rational choice compares only future benefits and costs, since past money is gone either way. Yet out of a wish not to waste and a refusal to admit failure, people keep investing in doomed projects, the sunk cost fallacy, rooted in loss aversion and self-image. Knowing it helps you cut losses.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（决策与行为经济学）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), decision-making and behavioral economics
#沉没成本 #损失厌恶 #行为经济学
为什么一个国家明明能自己生产的商品，还要从别国进口？
Why does a country import goods it could produce itself?
关键是比较优势而非绝对优势：即使某国生产所有商品都更高效，它也应当专攻机会成本最低的领域，再用产出交换其余商品。这样两国总产量和双方福利都会更大。比如美国仍进口服装，因为把劳动用在芯片和金融等高附加值领域更划算。这正是自由贸易能够互惠的原因，尽管转型期会带来产业调整和就业流失等代价。
The key is comparative advantage, not absolute advantage: even if one country is more efficient at everything, it should specialize where its opportunity cost is lowest and trade for the rest. Total output and welfare rise on both sides. The U.S. still imports clothing because its labor earns more in chips and finance. That's why free trade can be mutually beneficial, even though adjustment brings industry shifts and job losses.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（国际贸易章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), international trade chapter
#比较优势 #国际贸易 #机会成本
什么是“汇率操纵”指控？
What is a “currency manipulation” accusation?
一国若长期干预外汇市场压低本币以提振出口，可能被他国指控“汇率操纵”。它通过贸易顺差积累储备、扭曲竞争。IMF与贸易伙伴会据此施压，但它与正常货币政策的边界常存争议。
When a country persistently intervenes to depress its currency and boost exports, others may accuse it of “currency manipulation.” It accumulates reserves via trade surplus and distorts competition. The IMF and trade partners pressure such behavior, though the line from normal monetary policy is contested.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#汇率操纵 #贸易 #IMF
鲍莫尔「成本病」如何解释服务业价格持续上涨？
How does Baumol's 'cost disease' explain the persistent rise in service-sector prices?
鲍莫尔成本病指：当制造业因技术进步而生产率快速提升时，理发、演出等难以自动化的服务业生产率停滞，却须支付同等工资，导致单位成本上升、价格相对变贵。该理论由鲍莫尔与鲍恩在 1966 年提出，揭示了「不平衡增长」的结构性来源。
Baumol's cost disease notes that as manufacturing productivity rises quickly through technology, hard-to-automate services like haircuts or live performances see stagnant productivity yet must pay comparable wages, pushing up their unit costs and relative prices. Baumol and Bowen proposed this in 1966, exposing a structural source of 'unbalanced growth'.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Baumol，《宏观不平衡增长》，American Economic Review 1967
Baumol, 'Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth,' American Economic Review 1967
#鲍莫尔成本病 #服务业 #生产率
联合国“可持续发展目标”（SDGs）包含什么？为什么要设立这些目标？
What do the UN Sustainable Development Goals cover, and why were they created?
SDGs是2015年联合国通过、计划2030年实现的17项目标，涵盖消除贫困与饥饿、优质教育、性别平等、清洁水与卫生、气候行动等，每项目标下还有具体可衡量的指标。它们代表国际共识：发展不能只看经济数字，必须同时兼顾社会公平和环境可持续，不能让一部分人的进步以另一部分人或子孙后代的损失为代价。各国据此制定政策、跟踪进度并定期评估。
The SDGs are 17 goals adopted by the UN in 2015 for achievement by 2030, covering no poverty, zero hunger, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, climate action, and more, each with concrete measurable targets. They embody an international consensus that development is more than economic figures; it must balance social fairness with environmental sustainability, without letting some people's progress come at others' or future generations' expense. Countries use them to set policy, track progress, and review performance.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
联合国（2030年可持续发展议程）
United Nations (2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development)
#可持续发展目标 #2030议程 #全球治理
什么是基尼系数？它从0到1分别代表什么？
What is the Gini coefficient, and what do values between 0 and 1 mean?
基尼系数是衡量收入或财富分配平等程度的核心指标：0表示绝对平均，人人相同；1表示极端不均，一个人拿走全部。现实中的国家大致落在0.25到0.65之间，数值越大分配越不均。它直观好用，但只反映相对差距，看不出穷人的绝对生活水平，所以通常和贫困率、中位数收入等指标一起看。
The Gini coefficient measures how evenly income or wealth is distributed: 0 means perfect equality where everyone holds the same, and 1 means one person holds everything. Real countries range roughly from 0.25 to 0.65, higher meaning more unequal. It's a handy single number but captures only relative gaps, so it's read together with poverty rates and median income.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
OECD (2011), 《分化中的我们：不平等为何持续上升》, 经合组织
OECD (2011), Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 dividedwestandwh0000unse：Divided we stand : w
#基尼系数 #收入不平等 #洛伦兹曲线
灯塔、国防这类东西，为什么通常由政府而不是市场提供？
Why are lighthouses and national defense provided by government rather than the market?
因为它们同时具备“非排他性”和“非竞争性”：没法把不付钱的人挡在外面，多一个人使用也不会减少别人的使用。若交给私人提供，很多人会“搭便车”不付钱，结果供给严重不足。所以这类“公共品”要靠税收融资、由政府提供，才能让全体社会成员受益。
Because they are both non-excludable and non-rival: you can't keep non-payers out, and one person's use doesn't diminish another's. Left to private providers, free-riding would leave them badly underprovided. Such public goods are therefore funded by taxes and supplied by government so everyone benefits.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（公共品与政府章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), public goods and government chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787301312971（豆瓣书目条目: 经济学原理）
#公共品 #搭便车 #政府职能
拉弗曲线想说明税率和税收总额之间可能不是「越高越多」的关系？
What does the Laffer curve suggest about why higher tax rates may not yield more tax revenue?
拉弗曲线由阿瑟·拉弗在 1970 年代提出，描绘税率从 0 升到 100% 时，税收总额先增后减、呈倒 U 形。其道理在于税率过高会抑制工作与投资，税基缩小反而使总收入下降，因此存在「最优」税率。
Arthur Laffer advanced the Laffer curve in the 1970s, showing that as the tax rate rises from 0% to 100%, total revenue first increases then falls—an inverted U. The logic is that very high rates discourage work and investment, shrinking the tax base so revenue drops; hence some 'optimal' rate exists.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
Laffer，《拉弗曲线：过去、现在与未来》(2004)
Laffer, 'The Laffer Curve: Past, Present, and Future' (2004)
#拉弗曲线 #税率 #税收
价格天花板会造成什么后果？
What are the consequences of a price ceiling?
当政府把价格压低于市场均衡价（如房租管制），需求量会超过供给量，造成长期短缺与排队、黑市。生产者因利润下降而减少投入，反而损害消费者长远利益。价格管制需配合配给才能缓解短缺。
When the government sets a price below the market equilibrium (e.g., rent control), quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied, causing chronic shortages, queues, and black markets. Producers cut investment as profits fall, ultimately harming consumers. Price controls need rationing to ease shortages.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#价格管制 #短缺 #市场均衡
通货膨胀一定有害吗？
Is inflation always harmful?
适度温和的通货膨胀（如2%左右）通常被视为经济健康信号，能促使消费与投资、降低实际债务负担。真正有害的是恶性通胀或通缩——前者摧毁货币信任，后者抑制需求。关键在“适度”与“可预期”。
Moderate inflation (around 2%) is usually seen as a sign of a healthy economy, encouraging consumption and investment while easing real debt burdens. What is truly harmful is hyperinflation or deflation—the former destroys monetary trust, the latter suppresses demand. The key lies in “moderation” and “predictability.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#通货膨胀 #宏观经济 #货币政策
新闻里衡量一个国家经济状况，为什么总提GDP？
Why do news reports use GDP to gauge a country's economy?
GDP（国内生产总值）是一年内一国生产的全部最终商品和服务的市场价值，反映经济活动的总体规模。人均GDP越高，通常意味着平均收入和物质生活水平越高。但它并不等于幸福：它不计入家务劳动、休闲和环境损失，也反映不出收入分配是否公平。
GDP (gross domestic product) is the market value of all final goods and services a country produces in a year; it captures the overall scale of economic activity. Higher GDP per person usually goes with higher average income and material living standards. But it isn't happiness: unpaid housework, leisure, and environmental damage are excluded, and it says nothing about how income is shared.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#GDP #国民经济 #生活水平
为什么最低工资制度会引起支持和反对的争论？
Why does the minimum wage spark both support and opposition?
最低工资是劳动力市场的“价格下限”，法律不允许工资低于这个水平。支持者认为它能保障低收入者基本生活、减少贫困；反对者担心如果定得过高，企业会减少用工，反而让部分低技能劳动者失去工作。实际影响取决于定多高、劳动力市场状况如何，多数经济学研究的共识是：温和的最低工资副作用很小，大幅提高才可能带来明显的就业代价。
A minimum wage is a price floor on labor: by law, wages can't fall below a set level. Supporters say it protects low earners and cuts poverty; critics worry that if set too high, firms hire fewer people and some low-skill jobs disappear. The real effects depend on the level and market conditions, and most economic research finds modest floors cause little harm while large jumps carry clearer employment costs.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录仅给书名，无版次与年份；同一书名常对应多个版次，不臆测具体版本。
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（价格控制章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), price controls chapter
#价格下限 #最低工资 #劳动力市场
为什么人均GDP很高的国家，人们的生活满意度也不一定高？
Why isn't life satisfaction always high in countries with very high GDP per person?
因为GDP衡量产出，而生活质量还取决于收入怎么分配、健康、教育、安全感、环境和闲暇时间。同样的人均GDP，如果贫富差距悬殊、公共服务薄弱，普通人的实际感受会差很多。因此联合国开发计划署用“人类发展指数”把收入、教育、寿命放在一起衡量，提醒人们别只看GDP。
Because GDP measures output, while quality of life also depends on how income is distributed, health, education, safety, environment, and leisure. At the same GDP per person, wide inequality or weak public services make ordinary people far worse off. That's why the UNDP's Human Development Index combines income, education, and life expectancy, a reminder that GDP alone misses much of life.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
UNDP（人类发展报告）
UNDP (Human Development Report)
#GDP #人类发展指数 #生活水平
什么是外部性？
What is an externality?
外部性指经济活动的成本或收益外溢到未参与交易的第三方，如工厂污染损害居民健康（负外部性）。市场无法自动定价这些影响，常需税收、补贴或管制来纠正。它是市场失灵的重要来源。
An externality is a cost or benefit of an economic activity that spills over to third parties not involved in the transaction, such as factory pollution harming residents' health (a negative externality). Markets cannot price these effects automatically, so taxes, subsidies, or regulation are often needed to correct them. It is a major source of market failure.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#外部性 #市场失灵 #公共政策
为什么一件商品突然抢手，价格就会上涨？
Why does a product's price rise when it suddenly becomes a hit?
因为需求快速增长而供给在短期内来不及跟上，买的人多、货不够，卖方就会抬高价格，直到愿意出高价的买家和愿意出售的卖家重新平衡。价格上涨既是商品变稀缺的信号，也在给生产者发信号：利润变高了，值得扩大生产。
When demand jumps faster than supply can follow, buyers outnumber the goods on offer, so sellers raise prices until those willing to pay the new price match the supply. A rising price signals scarcity and simultaneously signals producers that profits warrant more output.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（市场供求章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), supply and demand chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787301312971（豆瓣书目条目: 经济学原理）
#供求 #价格 #市场均衡
垄断与完全竞争有何区别？
What is the difference between monopoly and perfect competition?
完全竞争市场有无数小企业、产品同质、价格由供需决定；垄断则只有一家卖方，能影响价格并往往抬高它、限制产量。竞争程度决定资源配置效率与消费者福利。现实市场多介于两者之间。
In perfect competition, countless small firms sell identical products and price is set by supply and demand; a monopoly has a single seller that can influence price, often raising it and restricting output. The degree of competition determines allocative efficiency and consumer welfare. Real markets usually lie between the two extremes.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#垄断 #市场竞争 #福利
为什么会出现“公地悲剧”？
Why does the "tragedy of the commons" occur?
公地悲剧指人人都可免费使用的共有资源（如牧场、渔场），因个体过度使用而最终枯竭。每个人都想多占一点收益，却由大家分担代价。解决办法包括产权界定、配额或集体治理。
The tragedy of the commons occurs when a shared resource open to all (such as pasture or fisheries) is depleted because each individual overuses it. Everyone captures private gain while the cost is shared by all. Solutions include defining property rights, quotas, or collective governance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#公地悲剧 #公共资源 #集体行动
工厂排放废气造成污染，为什么说这是“市场失灵”？
When factory emissions pollute the air, why is that called a "market failure"?
因为污染的代价没有全部算进工厂的成本和产品价格里，受害的是附近的居民和公众，且他们得不到补偿。经济学家把这种由旁观者承受的代价称为“负外部性”。外部性存在时，价格不能反映真实社会成本，生产量会高于社会最优，市场自己无法纠正，所以需要政府用排污费、排放标准等干预。
Because the cost of pollution isn't fully included in the factory's costs or its product price, while nearby residents absorb the damage uncompensated. Economists call this a negative externality. With externalities, prices no longer reflect true social costs, output exceeds the social optimum, and the market can't fix itself, which is why governments step in with pollution fees and emission standards.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（外部性章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), externalities chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787301312971（豆瓣书目条目: 经济学原理）
#外部性 #污染 #市场失灵
为什么东西一涨价，想买的人通常会变少？
Why do people usually buy less when a price goes up?
这就是需求定律：在其他条件不变时，价格越高，愿意购买的数量越少。一方面，涨价让一部分消费者觉得不划算而放弃；另一方面，同样一笔钱能买到的东西变少了。市场正是靠价格来协调“买多少”与“卖多少”。
This is the law of demand: other things being equal, the higher the price, the smaller the quantity people are willing to buy. Higher prices make some consumers drop out, and a fixed budget simply buys less. Markets rely on prices to coordinate how much is bought and sold.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（市场供求章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), supply and demand chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787301312971（豆瓣书目条目: 经济学原理）
#需求定律 #价格 #市场
什么是“搭便车”的另一面：集体声誉？
What is the flip side of free-riding: collective reputation?
与搭便车相对，集体声誉指群体因整体表现获得信任资本，使每个成员受益，如“德国制造”溢价。它激励成员维护标准、惩罚违规者。好的集体声誉是公共品。
Opposite to free-riding, collective reputation is trust capital a group earns from overall performance, benefiting each member, like the “Made in Germany” premium. It incentivizes members to uphold standards and punish violators. Good collective reputation is a public good.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#集体声誉 #信任 #品牌
什么是价格歧视？
What is price discrimination?
价格歧视指同一商品对不同顾客收取不同价格，如学生票、动态机票。它能在不同支付意愿间榨取更多消费者剩余。只要不排他且可分割市场，企业就有动机实施。
Price discrimination charges different prices for the same good to different customers, like student tickets or dynamic airfares. It extracts more consumer surplus across willingness to pay. Firms are motivated whenever markets are separable and exclusion is feasible.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#价格歧视 #定价 #消费者剩余
为什么演唱会门票“黄牛”价高仍有人买？
Why do people still buy concert tickets at high scalper prices?
官方定价常低于均衡价，导致一票难求，黄牛在二级市场加价出售反映的是真实稀缺。买者愿付高价是因为对特定演出的强烈偏好与转售风险低。这本质是用价格筛选最想看的人。
Official prices are often below the equilibrium price, creating scarcity; scalpers resell at a markup reflecting true rarity. Buyers pay a premium because of strong preference for a specific show and low resale risk. In essence, price screens out those who want it least.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#供需 #黄牛 #价格弹性
「节约悖论」为什么说人人省钱反而可能让整体经济更糟？
Why does the 'paradox of thrift' say that if everyone saves more, the whole economy can end up worse?
凯恩斯在 1936 年《就业、利息与货币通论》中指出，家庭为应对不确定而集体增加储蓄，会导致总需求下降、企业减产裁员，结果「总收入减少」，全社会反而存不下更多钱。它揭示个体理性在宏观上可能「适得其反」。
In 'The General Theory' (1936) Keynes noted that when households collectively save more to cope with uncertainty, aggregate demand falls, firms cut output and jobs, and total income drops—so society ends up saving less, not more. It shows individual rationality can backfire at the macro level.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
Keynes，《就业、利息与货币通论》(1936)
Keynes, 'The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money' (1936)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL38054332W：The General Theory of
#节约悖论 #储蓄 #总需求
为什么说打疫苗不仅保护自己，也是在帮助别人？
How does getting vaccinated help not only yourself but others?
疫苗让接种者获得免疫力，同时降低病原体在人群中传播的概率，周围人也因此受益，这就是“正外部性”——你的行为给别人带来了额外的好处。因为个人决策时不会把自己带给别人的好处算进去，单靠市场时接种率会偏低，所以政府常通过补贴、免费接种甚至强制政策来提高覆盖率，直到形成“群体免疫”。
Vaccination gives you immunity and also lowers how easily the pathogen spreads to others, a positive externality, where your action benefits people beyond yourself. Since individuals don't count the benefits they confer on others when deciding, market outcomes leave vaccination too low, which is why governments subsidize or mandate it to reach herd immunity.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
《经济学原理》(曼昆)（外部性章）
Principles of Economics (Mankiw), externalities chapter
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787301312971（豆瓣书目条目: 经济学原理）
#正外部性 #疫苗 #群体免疫
什么是规模经济？
What is economy of scale?
规模经济指产量扩大时平均成本下降的现象，源于固定成本摊薄与专业化分工。汽车制造、芯片生产都依赖大规模生产降低成本。但规模过大也可能出现“规模不经济”。
Economies of scale occur when average cost falls as output expands, due to spreading fixed costs and specialization. Car manufacturing and chip production rely on large-scale output to cut costs. But oversized scale can lead to “diseconomies of scale.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#规模经济 #成本 #生产
什么是“看不见的手”之外的市场失灵？
What are market failures beyond the “invisible hand”?
尽管“看不见的手”高效配置资源，但垄断、外部性、公共物品与信息不对称会使市场失灵，需要政府介入。认识到失灵边界，才能既尊重市场也善用干预。
Although the “invisible hand” allocates efficiently, monopoly, externalities, public goods, and information asymmetry cause market failure needing government intervention. Recognizing where failure begins lets us respect markets yet use intervention wisely.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#市场失灵 #干预 #效率
为什么会出现通货膨胀？
Why does inflation occur?
通货膨胀是整体物价水平持续上升、货币购买力下降。主因包括需求过热、成本推动（如能源涨价）与货币超发。温和通胀常见，恶性通胀则破坏经济秩序。
Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level and a fall in money's purchasing power. Main causes include overheated demand, cost-push shocks (like energy price rises), and money overissue. Mild inflation is common; hyperinflation destroys economic order.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#通货膨胀 #物价 #货币
什么是供需定律？
What is the law of supply and demand?
供需定律指在其他条件不变时，价格上升需求量减少、供给量增加；价格下降则反之。二者交点决定市场均衡价与量。它是经济学理解价格形成的起点。
The law of supply and demand says that, other things equal, a higher price reduces quantity demanded and raises quantity supplied, and vice versa. Their intersection sets the market equilibrium price and quantity. It is the starting point for understanding price formation.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#供需定律 #均衡 #价格
什么是贸易顺差与逆差？
What are trade surplus and trade deficit?
贸易顺差指出口大于进口，逆差则相反。顺差意味对外净卖出、积累外汇；逆差则需用资本流入或储备弥补。长期大额逆差可能暴露竞争力问题。
A trade surplus means exports exceed imports; a deficit is the reverse. A surplus means net selling abroad and accumulating foreign exchange; a deficit must be financed by capital inflows or reserves. Persistent large deficits may signal competitiveness problems.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#贸易顺差 #贸易逆差 #国际收支
什么是“买方市场”与“卖方市场”？
What are a "buyer's market" and a "seller's market"?
买方市场是供过于求、买家占优势、价格偏软的市场；卖方市场则供不应求、卖家占优、价格看涨。它是供需力量对比的直观体现。房地产旺季常呈卖方市场。
A buyer's market is one with excess supply where buyers hold the advantage and prices soften; a seller's market has excess demand where sellers dominate and prices rise. It reflects the balance of supply and demand. Hot real-estate seasons are often seller's markets.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#买方市场 #卖方市场 #供需
什么是“看不见的手”？
What is the “invisible hand”?
“看不见的手”是亚当·斯密提出的概念，指个人在追求自身利益时，通过市场交换无意间促进了社会整体福利。价格信号引导资源流向最需要的地方。它说明自由市场能在没有中央指令的情况下实现有效配置。
The “invisible hand” is a concept from Adam Smith, meaning that individuals pursuing their own interest unintentionally promote overall social welfare through market exchange. Price signals guide resources to where they are most needed. It shows that free markets can achieve efficient allocation without central commands.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#看不见的手 #市场 #亚当·斯密
什么是信用货币？
What is fiat money?
信用货币（法定货币）本身没有内在价值，其购买力来自政府法令和公众信任。现代纸币和账户里的数字都属于信用货币。它依靠国家信用而非黄金背书来流通。
Fiat money has no intrinsic value; its purchasing power comes from government decree and public trust. Modern banknotes and digital account balances are fiat money. It circulates on the credit of the state rather than a gold backing.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#信用货币 #货币 #中央银行
什么是失业？
What is unemployment?
失业指有劳动能力且积极找工作的人暂时没有工作的状态，失业率是其占总劳动力的比例。摩擦性、结构与周期性失业成因不同。适度失业被视为经济调整的正常摩擦。
Unemployment is the state of able, actively job-seeking people temporarily without work; the unemployment rate is their share of the labor force. Frictional, structural, and cyclical unemployment differ in cause. Some unemployment is seen as normal adjustment friction.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#失业 #劳动力市场 #宏观经济
为什么钻石比水贵？
Why is a diamond more expensive than water?
这被称为“价值悖论”。水的用途大但供给充足，边际效用低；钻石用途小却稀缺，边际效用高。价格由边际效用和稀缺性决定，而非总效用。所以稀缺的钻石反而更贵。
This is called the “paradox of value.” Water is highly useful but abundant, so its marginal utility is low; diamonds are less useful but scarce, so their marginal utility is high. Price is set by marginal utility and scarcity, not total utility—so scarce diamonds cost more.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#价值悖论 #边际效用 #稀缺性
什么是沉没成本？
What is a sunk cost?
沉没成本是指已经发生且无法收回的支出，比如已买的电影票。理性决策只应考虑未来的成本和收益，而不该被沉没成本绑架。所谓“及时止损”就是忽略沉没成本。
A sunk cost is an expense that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered, such as a movie ticket already bought. Rational decisions should weigh only future costs and benefits, not be held hostage by sunk costs. “Cutting losses in time” means ignoring sunk costs.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#沉没成本 #理性决策 #行为经济学