“鹰鸽博弈”如何解释冲突与妥协？
How does the “hawk-dove game” explain conflict and compromise?
鹰鸽博弈中，个体可选“鹰”（强硬争斗）或“鸽”（示弱退让）策略争夺资源：两鹰相遇两败俱伤，鹰对鸽则鹰胜，两鸽相遇各得一半。演化稳定策略往往是混合比例，说明群体中强硬与温和并存才能稳定。
In the hawk-dove game, individuals choose “hawk” (fight hard) or “dove” (yield) over a resource: two hawks hurt each other, hawk beats dove, two doves split it. The evolutionarily stable strategy is usually a mixed proportion, showing that a mix of tough and mild types stabilizes a group.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Robert Putnam,《Bowling Alone》Simon & Schuster,2000
R. D. Putnam, Bowling Alone, Simon & Schuster, 2000
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL4291077W：Bowling Alone（按标题+作者/年份
#鹰鸽博弈 #冲突 #演化
“信号博弈”如何解释学历的作用？
How does the “signaling game” explain the role of degrees?
信号博弈中，信息不对称时一方用可观察的行为向另一方传递难以直接衡量的特质。斯宾塞提出学历可作为能力的信号：即使所学不直接有用，高能力者更易获得文凭，雇主借此筛选。这解释了为何“文凭通胀”可能出现。
In a signaling game, when information is asymmetric, one side uses observable action to convey hard-to-measure traits. Spence argued degrees signal ability: even if coursework is not directly useful, high-ability people more easily earn diplomas, letting employers screen. This explains why “credential inflation” can appear.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#信号博弈 #学历 #信息不对称
什么叫“懦夫博弈”（斗鸡博弈）？
What is the “chicken game” (game of brinkmanship)?
两名司机相对疾驰，谁先转向谁丢脸，但都不转则同归于尽；它刻画了对抗中“比谁先退让”的风险，常用于分析冲突、罢工与核威慑。
Two drivers race toward each other; whoever swerves loses face, but neither swerving means disaster. It captures the risk of “who blinks first” in conflicts, strikes, and nuclear deterrence.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#懦夫博弈 #冲突
什么是“占优策略”？
What is a "dominant strategy"?
占优策略是不管对方怎么选，对自己都最好的那招；若双方都有占优策略且相互冲突，就可能出现对集体不利的结果。
A dominant strategy is the best move regardless of what the opponent does; when both have conflicting dominant strategies, a collectively worse outcome can result.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#占优策略 #理性
“公地悲剧”说明了什么？
What does the “tragedy of the commons” illustrate?
公地悲剧指人人可自由使用的共享资源（如牧场、渔场），因各自过度索取而最终枯竭。它揭示在缺乏产权或规则时，个人理性使用会导致集体损失。解决思路包括明晰产权、配额与集体治理。
The tragedy of the commons describes shared resources (pasture, fisheries) open to all, where everyone's over-extraction eventually depletes them. It reveals that without property rights or rules, rational individual use causes collective loss. Solutions include clear rights, quotas, and collective governance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#公地悲剧 #资源 #过度使用
“协调博弈”为什么需要共同预期？
Why does a “coordination game” need common expectations?
协调博弈中存在多个互不冲突的好结果，但只有各方选择一致才获益，例如约定都靠右行驶。若预期不同就会撞车，所以需要信号、惯例或制度来统一选择。它说明制度与习俗能降低协调成本。
A coordination game has several mutually consistent good outcomes, but players only gain if choices align—e.g., agreeing to drive on the right. Mismatched expectations cause collisions, so signals, conventions, or institutions are needed to unify choice. It shows institutions and customs lower coordination costs.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#协调博弈 #惯例 #预期
“重复博弈”为什么有助于合作？
Why does a “repeated game” help cooperation?
在只玩一次的博弈里，背叛常是理性选择；但若双方要长期反复互动，今天的合作可换明天的好处，背叛则招致报复。因此重复博弈能维持信任与协作，即“一报还一报”策略的土壤。它解释了社区与商号间的长久信用。
In a one-shot game, betrayal is often rational; but if the two sides interact repeatedly, today's cooperation buys tomorrow's benefit while betrayal invites retaliation. So repeated games sustain trust and collaboration—the soil of “tit-for-tat.” They explain lasting credit among communities and firms.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#重复博弈 #合作 #信任
“纳什均衡”是什么意思？
What does "Nash equilibrium" mean?
纳什均衡是一种局面：在别人策略不变时，没有任何一方能通过单独改变自己的选择而变得更好，因而各方都不再愿意动。
A Nash equilibrium is a situation where, given others' choices, no player can improve by changing only their own—so no one wants to move.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#纳什均衡 #策略
“搭便车”是什么意思？
What does “free riding” mean?
搭便车指某些人享受集体提供的好处却不出力或不付费，比如不出钱却用公共路灯。因为个人不付成本也能获益，公共物品常面临供给不足。这解释了为何许多公益需要强制或激励。
Free riding means some enjoy a collective benefit without contributing or paying, like using public streetlights without funding them. Because one gains without paying, public goods tend to be under-supplied. This explains why many public goods need compulsion or incentives.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#搭便车 #公共物品 #集体
博弈论是研究什么的？
What does game theory study?
博弈论用数学模型研究多个相互依赖的决策者在策略互动中的选择与结果，比如竞争、谈判和合作。它不只用于经济学，也用于政治、生物与计算机等领域。核心思想是：你的收益取决于别人怎么选。
Game theory uses mathematical models to study how interdependent decision-makers choose and what results follow, in competition, negotiation, and cooperation. It is used not only in economics but also politics, biology, and computing. Its core idea: your payoff depends on what others choose.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#博弈论 #策略 #互动
什么是囚徒困境？
What is the prisoner's dilemma?
囚徒困境是两个被捕同伙各自选择是否供出对方：若都沉默，两人轻判；若都招供，两人重判；但单独招供者最划算。结果两人往往都招供，得到比合作更差的结果。它说明个人理性可能导致集体不理性。
The prisoner's dilemma: two arrested partners each choose whether to betray the other. If both stay silent they get light sentences; if both confess they get heavy ones; but the one who confesses alone fares best. They usually both confess, ending worse than if they had cooperated. It shows individual rationality can yield collective irrationality.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#囚徒困境 #合作 #理性
什么是“博弈论”？
What is "game theory"?
博弈论研究人们在相互影响中做决策的情形，比如竞价、谈判和竞争，关注每个人怎样选择对自己最有利的作法。
Game theory studies decision-making when people's choices affect each other, as in bidding, negotiation, or competition, focusing on how each picks the best move.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#博弈论 #决策