“信号传递”如何缓解信息不对称？
How does "signaling" help reduce information asymmetry?
信息少的一方可主动发出成本高、难伪造的信号来表明真实质量，如求职者用学历、企业用保修承诺；斯宾塞的信号理论说明这类信号能部分恢复市场效率。
The less-informed side can send costly, hard-to-fake signals of true quality—e.g., degrees for job seekers, warranties for firms; Spence's signaling theory shows such signals partly restore market efficiency.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#信号传递 #筛选
什么是“逆向选择”？以二手车市场为例。
What is “adverse selection”? Use the used-car market as an example.
逆向选择发生在交易前，掌握信息多的一方利用优势获益。二手车市场里卖家比买家更懂车况，劣质车把优质车挤出市场，买家整体只愿出低价，形成“劣币驱逐良币”。
Adverse selection happens before a deal, when the better-informed side exploits its edge. In used cars, sellers know condition better; lemons drive out good cars, so buyers only offer low prices—“bad drives out good.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#逆向选择 #柠檬市场
“道德风险”指什么？
What does "moral hazard" mean?
道德风险发生在交易或投保之后：因为有人替自己承担部分后果，一方变得更冒险，比如买了保险后疏于防范。它源于行为与责任的不匹配。
Moral hazard arises after a deal or insurance: shielded from some consequences, one behaves more recklessly—e.g., taking fewer precautions once insured. It stems from a mismatch between action and accountability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#道德风险 #保险
什么是“信息不对称”？
What is "information asymmetry"?
信息不对称指交易双方掌握的信息不一样多，比如卖家比买家更清楚商品质量，可能造成不公平或低效。
Information asymmetry means the two sides of a deal hold unequal information—e.g., a seller knows a product's quality better than the buyer—which can cause unfairness or inefficiency.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#信息不对称 #交易