什么是福利国家？
What is a welfare state?
福利国家指政府通过税收大规模提供医疗、教育、失业和养老等保障，以降低不平等、保障公民基本生活。
A welfare state is where government uses taxation to broadly provide healthcare, education, unemployment, and pensions to reduce inequality and secure basic living.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#福利国家 #保障 #税收
为什么企业需要统一的会计准则？
Why do we need accounting standards?
统一会计准则让不同公司的财务报表可比、真实，投资者和监管者才能正确判断经营状况，防止造假和误导市场。
Uniform accounting standards make companies' financial reports comparable and truthful, so investors and regulators can judge performance and prevent fraud or misleading markets.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#会计准则 #财务 #透明
什么是产权制度？
What is the property rights system?
产权制度是一套法律与规则，规定谁对某样东西（土地、房屋、发明等）拥有使用、收益、处置和转让的权利。清晰且受保护的产权让人敢于投资和长期经营，因为知道收益归自己；它也是市场交换、融资和经济增长的基础。
A property rights system is the set of laws and rules defining who may use, benefit from, transfer, or dispose of an asset such as land, a house, or an invention. Clear, protected rights encourage investment and long-term enterprise because people know the returns are theirs; they also underpin market exchange, financing, and economic growth.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#产权 #所有权 #制度
为什么现代经济需要中央银行？
Why do modern economies need central banks?
中央银行发行货币、设定利率、监管银行并应对金融危机，起到稳定物价和金融体系的作用，是经济的“稳定器”。
Central banks issue currency, set interest rates, regulate banks, and respond to crises, stabilizing prices and the financial system as the economy's stabilizer.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#中央银行 #货币 #金融
为什么结婚需要登记？
Why do we need marriage registration?
登记让婚姻获得法律承认，明确双方在财产、抚养和继承上的权利与义务，也为子女身份和权益提供保障。
Registration makes marriage legally recognized, clarifying rights and duties over property, support, and inheritance, and protecting children's status and rights.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#婚姻登记 #法律 #权利
什么是选举制度？
What is an electoral system?
选举制度规定如何把选票转换成席位，如多数制、比例代表制等，不同规则会影响政党和候选人的胜出方式。
An electoral system rules how votes convert into seats, such as plurality or proportional representation, shaping how parties and candidates win.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#选举 #制度 #投票
为什么社会学的“社会信任”研究区分普遍信任与特殊信任，并把它与经济发展联系起来？
Why do sociological studies of 'social trust' distinguish generalized from particularistic trust and link it to economic development?
普特南与福山等表明普遍信任降低交易成本、促进大规模合作组织，而仅限血缘的特殊信任限制企业规模。信任因此被视为非正式制度资本，影响增长与治理质量。
Putnam and Fukuyama show generalized trust lowers transaction costs and enables large cooperative organizations, whereas kin-bound particularistic trust limits firm scale. Trust acts as informal institutional capital shaping growth and governance.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
弗朗西斯·福山《信任：社会美德与创造经济繁荣》(1995) 与帕特南《使民主运转起来》(1993)
Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (1995); Putnam, Making Democracy Work (1993)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 trustsocialvirtu0000fuku：Trust : the social v
#社会信任 #普遍信任 #特殊信任 #经济发展
什么是社会保障制度？
What is the social security system?
社会保障制度由政府向失业、生病、年老或贫困的人提供金钱或服务支持，像一张安全网，减少人们陷入绝境的风险。
The social security system provides money or services to the unemployed, sick, elderly, or poor, acting as a safety net against destitution.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#社会保障 #福利 #安全网
“新制度主义”社会学如何解释组织为何在功能相同的情况下趋于同形（isomorphism）？
How does sociological 'new institutionalism' explain why organizations become isomorphic despite similar functions?
迪马吉奥与鲍威尔指出强制、模仿与规范三种同形机制，使组织在制度压力下趋向相似结构而非最优效率。这说明组织形态受合法性逻辑而非纯技术效率支配。
DiMaggio and Powell identified coercive, mimetic, and normative mechanisms driving organizations toward similarity under institutional pressure, not efficiency. Organizational form follows legitimacy logic more than technical optimality.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
保罗·迪马吉奥与沃尔特·鲍威尔《铁笼重访：组织场域中的制度同形》(1983, American Sociological Review)
Paul DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, 'The Iron Cage Revisited' (1983), American Sociological Review
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL38489354W：The iron cage revisite
#新制度主义 #同形 #制度同构 #组织
什么是非政府组织？
What is an NGO?
非政府组织是不以营利为目的、独立于政府的民间团体，常从事环保、扶贫、人权等公益工作。
A non-governmental organization is a non-profit, government-independent group often working on environment, poverty relief, or human rights.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#非政府组织 #公益 #民间
己所不欲勿施于人是什么意思?为什么两千五百年前的话现在还适用?
What does do not do to others what you dislike mean — why does it still work after 2500 years?
这句话是孔子说的:你不喜欢被插队,就不要去插队;不喜欢被嘲笑,就不要嘲笑别人。它是一把万能钥匙,因为每个人都不想受那些委屈。两千五百年前的人类和今天的人类,开心与难过的地方几乎一样,所以这条黄金法则永远不过时。
Confucius said it: if you hate queue-jumping, never jump queues; hate mockery, never mock. It is a master key because nobody enjoys those hurts. Humans twenty-five hundred years ago felt joy and pain just like us, so this golden rule never expires.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
《论语》中华书局译注本,中华书局,2012
The Analects of Confucius, annotated edition, Zhonghua Book Company, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL26730336W：The Analects of Confuc
#孔子 #黄金法则 #同理心
为什么红灯要停下来等一等?
Why must we stop and wait at red lights?
红灯是给所有车辆和行人的统一口令。大家都遵守,汽车知道什么时候停,小朋友知道什么时候走,就不会撞在一起。规则看起来让你等一下,其实是保护每个人的盾牌。
Red lights are one command for every car and walker. When everyone follows them cars know when to stop and kids know when to cross — no bumps. Rules look like waiting but they are shields protecting everyone.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
韩启德总主编《十万个为什么》(第六版),少年儿童出版社,2013
Han Qide chief ed., Ten Thousand Whys, 6th edition, Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013, 6th ed., Juvenile and Children Publishing House, 2013
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 978-7-5324-9328-9 · 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787532493289
#红绿灯 #规则 #安全