什么是核不扩散？
What is nuclear non-proliferation?
核不扩散指防止核武器及其相关技术扩散到更多国家或组织的国际努力，核心条约是《不扩散核武器条约》（NPT）。它在“防止扩散”与“和平利用核能权利”之间寻求平衡。
Nuclear non-proliferation is the international effort to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and related technology, centered on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). It balances prevention with the right to peaceful nuclear energy.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#核不扩散 #NPT #核武器
什么是外交豁免？
What is diplomatic immunity?
外交豁免指驻外外交人员及其家属在驻在国享有不受刑事和大部分民事管辖的特权，源于《维也纳外交关系公约》。它保障外交沟通顺畅，但也可能被滥用。
Diplomatic immunity grants foreign diplomats and families exemption from the host country’s criminal and most civil jurisdiction, per the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. It protects communication but can be abused.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#外交豁免 #维也纳公约 #特权
建构主义国际关系理论如何解释“利益”与“身份”？
How does constructivist IR theory explain “interests” and “identity”?
以温特为代表的建构主义认为，国家的利益并非天生给定，而是由共享观念、规范和“身份”在互动中建构而成，无政府状态本身也是一种被实践塑造的社会结构。它强调观念与文化能改变国际政治，区别于物质主义的现实主义与自由主义。
Constructivism, associated with Alexander Wendt, holds that states’ interests are not given by nature but constructed through shared ideas, norms, and “identities” in interaction; anarchy itself is a social structure shaped by practice. It stresses that ideas and culture can change world politics, unlike materialist realism or liberalism.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
亚历山大·温特《国际政治的社会理论》（1999）
Alexander Wendt, “Social Theory of International Politics” (1999)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1992509W：Social theory of intern
#建构主义 #温特 #身份与利益
什么是人道主义干预？
What is humanitarian intervention?
人道主义干预指为避免大规模人道灾难（如种族灭绝、饥荒），一国或多国在未获当事国同意时对其使用武力或施压。它在拯救生命与尊重主权之间长期存在争议。
Humanitarian intervention is the use of force or pressure by states without the target’s consent to avert mass atrocities like genocide or famine. It remains contested between saving lives and respecting sovereignty.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23结论有争议 · Contested
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#人道主义干预 #主权 #人道灾难
什么是“均势”（balance of power）？它在国际关系史上有何作用？
What is the “balance of power,” and what role has it played in IR history?
均势指若干国家或联盟通过结盟与制衡，使任何一方都无法取得压倒性优势，从而维持体系稳定。它在近代欧洲（如维也纳体系）被用来防止霸权，是现实主义解释战争与和平的核心概念。
Balance of power means several states or alliances check one another so that no single side gains overwhelming dominance, maintaining systemic stability. Used in early modern Europe (e.g., the Vienna system) to prevent hegemony, it is a core realist concept for explaining war and peace.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
汉斯·摩根索《国家间政治》（Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 1948）
Hans Morgenthau, “Politics Among Nations” (1948)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL1218841W：Politics among Nations（
#均势 #维也纳体系 #权力制衡
什么是集体安全？
What is collective security?
集体安全指参与国约定，对任一成员国的攻击视为对全体的攻击，从而共同防御，如《联合国宪章》确立的集体安全机制与北约第五条的集体防御条款。它用“共同威慑”降低单个国家被侵略的风险。
Collective security is an arrangement where an attack on one member is treated as an attack on all, prompting joint defense—seen in the UN Charter’s security framework and NATO’s Article 5. Shared deterrence lowers each state’s risk of being attacked.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
北大西洋公约组织（NATO）
NATO
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787522854854（豆瓣书目条目: 北大西洋公约组织）
#集体安全 #共同防御 #北约
世界贸易组织做什么？
What does the World Trade Organization do?
世界贸易组织（WTO）是管理全球贸易规则的国际组织，成立于1995年，前身是关贸总协定（GATT）。它推动关税减让、解决成员间贸易争端，并实行最惠国待遇原则。
The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded in 1995 from the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), administers global trade rules. It promotes tariff cuts, settles disputes, and applies the most-favored-nation principle.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#世界贸易组织 #贸易规则 #争端解决
联合国是哪一年成立、其总部设在哪里？
In what year was the United Nations founded, and where is its headquarters?
联合国于 1945 年 10 月 24 日（《联合国宪章》生效日）正式成立于二战结束之际，总部设在美国纽约。其前身是国际联盟，旨在维护国际和平与安全并促进合作。
The United Nations was formally established on October 24, 1945, when the UN Charter took effect, in the aftermath of World War II, with its headquarters in New York City. It succeeded the League of Nations to maintain peace, security, and cooperation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
《联合国宪章》（1945）
Charter of the United Nations (1945)
#联合国 #纽约 #联合国宪章
什么是经济制裁？
What are economic sanctions?
经济制裁是国家或多边组织以冻结资产、限制贸易或金融往来等手段，迫使目标国改变政策的外交工具。其效果不一，且常对普通民众产生连带影响。
Economic sanctions are tools—asset freezes, trade or financial restrictions—used by states or multilateral bodies to push a target country to change policy. Effects vary, and they often hurt ordinary citizens too.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#经济制裁 #外交 #资产冻结
什么是多边主义？
What is multilateralism?
多边主义指三个或以上国家通过多边规则与机构（如联合国、世贸组织）协调行动、共同解决问题的合作方式，相对于单边或双边行动更具稳定性与代表性。
Multilateralism is cooperation among three or more states through shared rules and institutions like the UN and WTO, solving problems jointly—offering more stability and representation than unilateral or bilateral action.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#多边主义 #合作 #国际机构
什么是发展援助？
What is development aid?
发展援助是发达国家或机构向发展中国家提供的资金、技术与物资支持，旨在减贫、改善卫生与教育，常通过官方发展援助（ODA）统计。其有效性取决于治理与本地参与。
Development aid is financial, technical, and material support from developed countries or agencies to developing ones, aimed at reducing poverty and improving health and education, tracked as Official Development Assistance (ODA). Its impact depends on governance and local ownership.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#发展援助 #减贫 #官方发展援助
威尔逊的“十四点”原则对一战后的国际秩序有何影响？
How did Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” influence the post-WWI international order?
美国总统伍德罗·威尔逊在 1918 年提出十四点原则，主张公开外交、民族自决和建立国际联盟，试图以道义与集体安全重塑战后秩序。它直接促成了国际联盟的成立，但美国国会最终未批准加入。
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 Fourteen Points called for open diplomacy, national self-determination, and a League of Nations to reshape the post-war order through morality and collective security. They directly led to the League’s creation, though the U.S. Senate refused to join.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
伍德罗·威尔逊 1918 年国会演讲；《凡尔赛条约》（1919）
Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 speech; Treaty of Versailles (1919)
#十四点 #威尔逊 #国际联盟
现实主义国际关系理论的核心假设是什么？以谁为代表？
What is the core assumption of realist IR theory, and who represents it?
现实主义认为国家是国际政治的主要行为体，在无政府状态下为生存与权力而理性竞争，安全是首要目标。肯尼思·沃尔兹在 1979 年《国际政治理论》中以“结构现实主义”系统阐述了这一视角。
Realism holds that states are the primary actors in an anarchic international system, rationally competing for survival and power with security as the top goal. Kenneth Waltz systematically presented this perspective as “structural realism” in 1979’s “Theory of International Politics.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
肯尼思·沃尔兹《国际政治理论》（1979）
Kenneth Waltz, “Theory of International Politics” (1979)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL5490555W：Theory of international
#现实主义 #沃尔兹 #国际无政府状态
什么是“全球化”？
What is “globalization”?
全球化指商品、资本、信息、技术和人员在世界各地日益频繁跨境流动，使各国经济与社会相互依存加深的过程。它既带来效率与文化交流，也引发不平等与文化冲突等争议。
Globalization is the process by which goods, capital, information, technology, and people flow across borders ever more frequently, deepening economic and social interdependence among countries. It brings efficiency and cultural exchange but also sparks debates over inequality and cultural conflict.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
国际货币基金组织（IMF）《世界经济展望》；联合国贸易和发展会议（UNCTAD）
IMF, “World Economic Outlook”; UNCTAD
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787504949608（豆瓣书目条目: 世界经济展望）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面点名的
#全球化 #跨国流动 #相互依存
什么是非政府组织（NGO）？
What is a non-governmental organization (NGO)?
非政府组织是不以营利为目的、独立于政府的民间机构，如红十字会、无国界医生。它们在人道救援、环保和人权领域填补政府与市场之间的空白。
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit, non-state body like the Red Cross or Doctors Without Borders. They fill gaps between government and market in aid, environment, and human rights.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#非政府组织 #民间 #人道