“制度经济学”关注法律的什么功能？
What function of law does “institutional economics” focus on?
制度经济学把法律、产权与规则视为降低交易成本、界定激励的关键安排。它认为清晰且可执行的产权能促使人们投资与交换，从而推动增长。诺贝尔奖得主诺斯强调“制度决定绩效”。
Institutional economics treats law, property rights, and rules as key arrangements that lower transaction costs and shape incentives. It argues that clear, enforceable property rights encourage investment and exchange, driving growth. Nobel laureate North stressed that “institutions determine performance.”
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer & Vishny,《Law and Finance》(Journal of Financial Economics, 1998)
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer & Vishny, 'Law and Finance' (Journal of Financial Economics, 1998)
#制度经济学 #交易成本 #产权
“习惯法”在现代社会还起作用吗？
Does “customary law” still function in modern society?
习惯法是长期实践中形成、被共同体认可并自发遵守的规范，未必写成条文。在非洲、太平洋等地的土著社区以及国际商事惯例中仍广泛存在，有时与成文法并行。它的正当性来自认同而非国家强制。
Customary law is norms formed through long practice, recognized and followed spontaneously by a community, not necessarily written. It remains widespread in indigenous communities of Africa and the Pacific and in international commercial usage, sometimes running parallel to statute law. Its legitimacy comes from acceptance rather than state coercion.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Weber,《Economy and Society»,University of California Press,1978
M. Weber, Economy and Society, University of California Press, 1978
#习惯法 #惯例 #非正式制度
“监察制度”在古代中国如何运作？
How did the “censorial system” work in imperial China?
古代中国设御史台、都察院等机构，专司监察百官、纠劾贪腐与违失，可直接向皇帝奏报。它在一定程度上约束了地方与官僚权力，但依赖皇权强弱而成效不一。这一制度对后世文官监督影响深远。
Imperial China set up bodies like the Censorate to supervise officials, impeach corruption and misconduct, and report directly to the emperor. It checked local and bureaucratic power to some extent, but its effectiveness varied with imperial strength. The system deeply influenced later civil-service oversight.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#监察 #御史 #官僚
“三权分立”如何约束权力？
How does “separation of powers” check power?
三权分立把立法、行政、司法权力分配给不同机构，使其相互制衡，防止任何一支独大。它源于孟德斯鸠对英国政制的总结，被多国宪法采纳。但也有总统制与议会制等不同实现方式。
Separation of powers assigns legislative, executive, and judicial authority to different bodies so they check one another and prevent any one from dominating. It derives from Montesquieu's reading of British government and was adopted by many constitutions. It appears in forms like presidential and parliamentary systems.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#三权分立 #制衡 #孟德斯鸠
1804 年的「拿破仑法典」对现代民法体系产生了哪些深远影响？
What far-reaching influence did the 1804 Napoleonic Code have on modern civil-law systems?
《拿破仑法典》（法国民法典）以清晰条文统一了此前散乱的封建与地方法，确立「法律面前平等、私有财产保护与契约自由」等原则。它后来被欧洲多地及前殖民地借鉴，奠定了大陆法系的样板。
The Napoleonic Code (French Civil Code) of 1804 replaced fragmented feudal and local laws with clear articles, establishing equality before the law, protection of private property, and freedom of contract. Later adopted across Europe and former colonies, it became the model for civil-law systems.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
法国民法典（Code civil）1804
French Civil Code (Code civil) 1804
#拿破仑法典 #大陆法系 #民法典
“调解”为什么在东方社会常见？
Why is “mediation” common in Eastern societies?
在重视关系与和谐的文化中，调解由中立第三方促成双方让步，避免对簿公堂伤和气，因而广受青睐。中国传统“无讼”观念与宗族调解即是典型。它通常更快、更省钱且易于执行。
In cultures valuing relationships and harmony, mediation has a neutral third party broker concessions, avoiding the rancor of a courtroom, so it is favored. China's traditional “no litigation” ideal and clan mediation are typical. It is usually faster, cheaper, and easier to enforce.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
费孝通,《乡土中国》北京大学出版社,2012 等版本
Fei Xiaotong, From the Soil, multiple editions incl. Peking University Press, 2012
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 ISBN 9787301174821（豆瓣书目条目: 乡土中国）
#调解 #和谐 #无讼
1803 年「马布里诉麦迪逊案」怎样确立了法院审查法律是否违宪的权力？
How did Marbury v. Madison (1803) establish the court's power to review whether a law is unconstitutional?
美国最高法院在 1803 年该案中首次宣布「国会法案若违宪则无效」，由此开创司法审查制度。它让法院成为宪法的「最终解释者」，深刻塑造了美国三权分立的运作方式。
In 1803 the U.S. Supreme Court first declared that an act of Congress conflicting with the Constitution is void, creating the power of judicial review. It made the court the final interpreter of the Constitution and deeply shaped American separation of powers.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 CSPAN_20160329_020000_Supreme_Court_Landmark_
#马布里诉麦迪逊 #司法审查 #违宪审查
什么是“契约自由”？
What is “freedom of contract”?
契约自由指当事人在不违法、不违背公序良俗的前提下，可自主决定是否订约、与谁订约及约定内容。它是市场经济的基石，但现代法也通过消费者保护等规则加以限制，以防强弱失衡。
Freedom of contract means parties may freely decide whether to contract, with whom, and on what terms, so long as it is lawful and not against public order. It is a cornerstone of the market economy, but modern law also limits it through consumer protection to prevent imbalance between strong and weak.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#契约自由 #合同 #市场
仲裁和打官司有什么不同？
How does arbitration differ from going to court?
仲裁是当事人约定把争议交给中立第三方裁决，过程不公开、一裁终局、效率较高，常见于商业纠纷。诉讼则由法院依公权力审理，程序公开且可上诉。两者都是解决争议的正式途径。
Arbitration lets parties agree to submit a dispute to a neutral third party whose decision is private, usually final, and efficient, common in commercial disputes. Litigation is heard by a court under public authority, is open, and allows appeal. Both are formal ways to resolve conflict.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#仲裁 #诉讼 #纠纷
罗马法对现代法律有什么影响？
What influence did Roman law have on modern law?
古罗马发展出系统的私法，如契约、物权和人格权概念，后经中世纪整理为《民法大全》。大陆法系多以其为蓝本，现代合同法与物权法仍可见其痕迹。它被称为“法律的语言”。
Ancient Rome developed systematic private law—contracts, property, and personal rights—later compiled in the Corpus Juris Civilis in the Middle Ages. Civil-law systems largely modeled on it, and modern contract and property law still show its traces. It is called the “language of law.”
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
约翰·亨利·梅里曼《大陆法系》（Merryman, The Civil Law Tradition）
John Henry Merryman, “The Civil Law Tradition”
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL49732W：The civil law tradition（首
#罗马法 #私法 #民法
“国际法”靠什么约束国家？
What constraints does “international law” rely on?
国际法由国家间条约与习惯构成，缺少世界政府强制执行，主要依靠国家同意、互惠、声誉与多边机构施压来落实。违反者可能面临制裁或外交孤立。它虽弱于国内法，却支撑着贸易、人权与和平秩序。
International law consists of treaties and customs among states; lacking a world government to enforce it, it relies on consent, reciprocity, reputation, and pressure from multilateral bodies. Violators may face sanctions or diplomatic isolation. Though weaker than domestic law, it underpins trade, human rights, and peace.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
联合国国际法院（ICJ）规约；《罗马规约》（1998）
Statute of the ICJ; Rome Statute (1998)
#国际法 #条约 #主权
“判例”在普通法体系中为何重要？
Why are “precedents” important in common law?
普通法遵循“先例约束”原则，上级法院的判决对下级法院同类案件有拘束力，使法律随案件积累而演进。这增强了可预期性，也让法官在造法上扮演重要角色。成文法修改慢时，判例可灵活填补空白。
Common law follows “stare decisis”: higher-court decisions bind lower courts in similar cases, so law evolves through accumulated rulings. This enhances predictability and gives judges a law-making role. When statutes change slowly, precedents flexibly fill gaps.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#判例 #先例 #普通法
什么是宪法？
What is a constitution?
宪法是国家最根本的法律，规定国家结构、权力分配和公民基本权利，具有最高效力。其他法律不得与它相冲突。它相当于一个国家的“根本游戏规则”。
A constitution is a nation's fundamental law, setting out state structure, the distribution of power, and basic citizen rights, with supreme authority. No other law may conflict with it. It is a country's “basic rulebook.”
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#宪法 #根本法 #权利
检察官和律师的角色有什么不同？
How do prosecutors and lawyers differ in role?
检察官代表国家追究犯罪、维护公益，负责提起公诉。律师则受当事人委托，为其辩护或代理以维护其合法权益。两者在诉讼中相互对抗又共同保障程序公正。
A prosecutor represents the state to pursue crime and public interest by filing charges. A lawyer is hired by a party to defend or represent them and protect their legal rights. They oppose each other in trial yet together safeguard procedural fairness.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#检察官 #律师 #诉讼
1215 年的《大宪章》为什么被认为是限制王权、保护自由的开端？
Why is the 1215 Magna Carta seen as the beginning of limiting royal power and protecting liberty?
《大宪章》是英格兰贵族迫使国王签署的文件，写明「王权也须服从法律」、不能随意抓人征税。它确立了「法律高于统治者」的雏形，后来成为宪政与法治传统的重要源头。
Magna Carta was a document English nobles forced the king to sign, stating that even royal power must obey the law and cannot arrest or tax at will. It planted the seed that rulers are bound by law, later a key source of constitutional and rule-of-law tradition.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
大英图书馆；《大宪章》1215
British Library; Magna Carta 1215
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787100122269（豆瓣书目条目: 大宪章）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面点名的这部
#大宪章 #限制王权 #法治