什么是国际法？
What is international law?
国际法是国家之间自愿达成的规则体系，规范战争、贸易、人权等领域，主要靠条约和习惯维系，由各国合作执行。
International law is the body of rules agreed among states covering war, trade, human rights, and more, maintained mainly through treaties and custom and enforced by cooperation.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#国际法 #条约 #国家
什么是国际法院？
What is the International Court of Justice?
国际法院（ICJ）是联合国的主要司法机关，位于海牙，受理国家之间的法律争端并就联合国机构提交的法律问题发表咨询意见。它不同于审理个人的国际刑事法院（ICC）。
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the UN’s principal judicial organ in The Hague, settling legal disputes between states and giving advisory opinions. It differs from the ICC, which tries individuals.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#国际法院 #联合国 #国家争端
什么是法理学中的自然法与实证法？
What are natural law and legal positivism in jurisprudence?
自然法主张存在超越实定法的、基于理性或道德的普遍法则，恶法可能不具真正法律效力；法律实证主义则认为法的有效性来自其制定程序与渊源，与道德对错相分离。两者的争论围绕“法律与道德是否必然相连”展开。
Natural law holds there are universal principles based on reason or morality above enacted law, and unjust laws may lack true legal validity; legal positivism holds a law's validity comes from its enactment process and sources, separate from moral rightness. Their debate centers on whether law and morality are necessarily linked.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
H.L.A. 哈特《法律的概念》（1961）
H.L.A. Hart, “The Concept of Law” (1961)
#自然法 #法律实证主义 #法理
法律实证主义与自然法有何不同？
How do legal positivism and natural law differ?
法律实证主义认为法律是主权者的命令、与道德分离；自然法认为法律应符合普世道德，恶法非法。
Positivism treats law as commands of the sovereign, separate from morality; natural law holds that valid law must meet universal moral standards.
难度 专业 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#法律实证主义 #自然法
哈特在《法律的概念》中对“法律是什么”给出了怎样的核心回答？
What core answer did H.L.A. Hart give to “what is law” in “The Concept of Law”?
哈特在 1961 年主张法律是一套由“初级规则”（设定义务）与“次级规则”（规定如何制定、修改和裁判）结合的社会规则体系，并强调法律的“内在观点”。他以此批评奥斯丁的“命令说”过于简单。
In 1961 Hart argued that law is a system of social rules combining “primary rules” (imposing duties) and “secondary rules” (governing how rules are made, changed, and adjudicated), emphasizing the “internal point of view.” He thereby critiqued Austin’s simplistic “command” theory.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
H.L.A. 哈特《法律的概念》（1961）
H.L.A. Hart, “The Concept of Law” (1961)
#哈特 #法律的概念 #初级与次级规则
什么是少年司法？
What is juvenile justice?
少年司法是专门针对未成年人违法的司法制度，侧重教育、矫治与回归社会，而非单纯惩罚。许多国家设有独立法庭与收容机构，并强调年龄相宜的程序。
Juvenile justice is the system for minors who offend, focused on education, rehabilitation, and reintegration rather than pure punishment. Many countries have separate courts and facilities with age-appropriate procedures.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#少年司法 #矫治 #未成年人
什么是程序正义？
What is procedural justice?
程序正义关注裁判过程是否公平，而不只看结果对错。它包括中立的裁判者、双方充分陈述、理由公开等；即便结果不利，公正的程序也更让人信服。
Procedural justice concerns whether the process is fair, not just the outcome. It includes a neutral decision-maker, the chance for both sides to be heard, and public reasons—people accept unfavorable results more when procedures are fair.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Tyler,《Why People Obey the Law》(2006)
Tom Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (2006)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9780300044034 (2006)
#程序正义 #公平 #司法
什么是普通法系与大陆法系？
What are common law and civil law systems?
普通法系（英美法系）以判例为主要法律渊源，强调法官通过先例发展法律；大陆法系（民法法系）以成文法典为核心，强调立法机关的系统性编纂。两者在司法推理和法律教育上差异显著。不少国家是混合或受两者影响的体系。
The common law system relies mainly on judicial precedent, with judges developing law through case law, while the civil law system centers on codified statutes enacted by legislatures. They differ markedly in legal reasoning and legal education. Many countries are hybrid or influenced by both.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer & Vishny,《Law and Finance》(Journal of Financial Economics, 1998)
La Porta, Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleifer & Vishny, 'Law and Finance' (Journal of Financial Economics, 1998)
#普通法系 #大陆法系 #比较法
什么是无罪推定？
What is presumption of innocence?
无罪推定指任何人在被依法证明有罪之前，都应被视为无罪。举证责任在控方，这防止了随意给人定罪。
Presumption of innocence means a person is considered innocent until proven guilty in court. The burden of proof lies with the prosecution, preventing arbitrary conviction.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#无罪推定 #审判 #权利
什么是司法独立？
What is judicial independence?
司法独立指法院和法官在审理案件时不受立法、行政或其他外部力量不当干预，仅依据法律与事实裁判。它是实现公正审判和权力制衡的重要保障。制度上常通过法官任期、薪酬保障和管辖安排来维护独立。
Judicial independence means courts and judges decide cases free from improper interference by the legislature, executive, or other outside forces, basing rulings only on law and facts. It is vital for fair trials and checks and balances. It is typically protected through tenure, salary safeguards, and jurisdictional design.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-04
来源 · Source
Entin,《Getting What You Pay For: Judicial Compensation and Judicial Independence》,Utah Law Review,2011 (DOI: 10.63140/dgoxmg-jyd)
Entin, 'Getting What You Pay For: Judicial Compensation and Judicial Independence', Utah Law Review, 2011, DOI: 10.63140/dgoxmg-jyd
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 Crossref DOI 10.63140/dgoxmg-jyd
#司法独立 #审判 #权力制衡
什么是法治？
What is the rule of law?
法治指所有人和机构，包括政府，都必须遵守公开、公平的法律，而不是由掌权者随意决定。它保障公平与自由。
The rule of law means everyone and every institution, including government, is bound by open, fair laws rather than arbitrary decisions by those in power. It protects fairness and liberty.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#法治 #公平 #法律
什么是知识产权？
What is intellectual property?
知识产权保护人们创造的脑力成果，如发明、文学艺术作品和品牌，让创造者在一定时间内独占收益，鼓励创新。
Intellectual property protects mental creations such as inventions, artistic works, and brands, giving creators exclusive benefits for a time to encourage innovation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#知识产权 #专利 #版权
什么是国际人道法？
What is international humanitarian law?
国际人道法是在武装冲突中保护非战斗人员并限制作战手段的法律，例如《日内瓦公约》。
International humanitarian law protects non-combatants and limits means of war in conflicts, such as the Geneva Conventions.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学低段(6-8)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#人道法 #战争法
大陆法系与英美法系有何不同？
How do civil law and common law systems differ?
大陆法系以成文法典为基础；英美法系以判例与法官造法为核心，强调先例的约束力。
Civil law rests on codified statutes; common law centers on case law and precedent set by judges.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#法系 #判例法
什么是侵权法（民事责任）？
What is tort law (civil liability)?
侵权法调整因过错或危险行为侵害他人人身、财产权益而产生的赔偿责任，如交通事故、医疗过失。它不同于刑法：其目的是补偿受害人而非惩罚犯罪。
Tort law governs compensation when wrongful or risky conduct harms another’s person or property—car accidents, medical negligence. Unlike criminal law, its aim is to compensate the victim, not punish.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#侵权法 #赔偿 #民事责任
“普通法”与“大陆法”两大法系的主要区别是什么？
What is the main difference between the “common law” and “civil law” legal families?
普通法（以英国、美国为代表）以判例和法官造法为核心，强调遵循先例；大陆法（以法德为代表）以成文法典为基础，由立法机关系统编纂规则。两者在法律渊源和审判推理方式上差异显著。
Common law (exemplified by the UK and US) centers on case law and judge-made precedent, emphasizing stare decisis; civil law (exemplified by France and Germany) is built on codified statutes enacted by legislatures. They differ markedly in sources of law and reasoning.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
约翰·亨利·梅里曼《大陆法系》（Merryman, The Civil Law Tradition）
John Henry Merryman, “The Civil Law Tradition”
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL49732W：The civil law tradition（首
#普通法 #大陆法 #判例法
什么是证据规则中的举证责任？
What is the burden of proof?
举证责任指由哪一方负责提供证据以证明其主张的规则。在刑事案件中通常由控方承担，且需达到“排除合理怀疑”的高标准；民事案件多为“谁主张、谁举证”。合理分配举证责任对公正裁判至关重要。
The burden of proof determines which party must produce evidence to support its claim. In criminal cases it usually rests on the prosecution and must meet a high 'beyond reasonable doubt' standard; in civil cases it is often 'he who asserts must prove.' Its fair allocation is crucial to just adjudication.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#举证责任 #诉讼 #证据
刑法和民法有什么区别？
What is the difference between criminal and civil law?
刑法处理危害社会的行为，由国家追诉并可能判处刑罚；民法处理个人之间的纠纷，如合同或侵权，目的是赔偿损失。
Criminal law deals with acts harmful to society, prosecuted by the state and punished by penalties. Civil law handles disputes between individuals, such as contracts or torts, aiming to compensate losses.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#刑法 #民法 #法律
为什么法庭需要陪审团？
Why does a court need a jury?
陪审团由普通公民组成，负责根据事实判断被告是否有罪（或民事责任），让司法决定反映社会常识而非仅由官员决定。
A jury of ordinary citizens decides the facts of a case, ensuring verdicts reflect community commonsense rather than being made only by officials.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#陪审团 #审判 #公民
什么是正当程序？
What is due process?
正当程序指政府剥夺个人生命、自由或财产前，必须遵循公平、预先设定的法律程序，如告知、听证与上诉。它源于英国普通法，被多国宪法与《世界人权宣言》所确认。
Due process means the state must follow fair, established legal procedure—notice, hearing, appeal—before depriving anyone of life, liberty, or property. Rooted in English common law, it is affirmed in many constitutions and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#正当程序 #公平 #权利
什么是法律援助？
What is legal aid?
法律援助是为经济困难或特定案件中的当事人提供免费或低成本法律帮助的制度，以保障其平等诉权。它体现“法律面前人人平等”的原则，常由政府或公益机构提供。完善的法律援助有助于实质正义的实现。
Legal aid is a system providing free or low-cost legal help to those with financial difficulty or in certain cases, protecting equal access to justice. It embodies 'equality before the law' and is often provided by government or nonprofit bodies. Sound legal aid supports substantive justice.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#法律援助 #平等诉权 #公益
什么是「辩诉交易」，为什么很多刑事案件还没开庭就先「讲和」？
What is 'plea bargaining,' and why do many criminal cases settle before trial?
辩诉交易指被告承认较轻指控或更少罪名，以换取检察官较轻的刑罚建议，从而免去漫长审判。美国司法部的数据显示，绝大多数联邦刑事案件通过这种方式了结，既节省司法资源，也引发「透明度」与公平的争议。
Plea bargaining lets a defendant plead to a lesser or fewer charges in exchange for a lighter recommended sentence, avoiding a long trial. U.S. Department of Justice data show most federal criminal cases end this way—saving resources yet raising debates over transparency and fairness.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#辩诉交易 #刑事诉讼 #司法效率
什么是合同法？
What is contract law?
合同法规范当事人之间自愿达成的协议，规定要约、承诺、对价与履约，以及违约时的救济（如损害赔偿）。它是市场经济运转最基础的法律支柱之一。
Contract law governs voluntary agreements between parties—offer, acceptance, consideration, performance—and remedies for breach such as damages. It is a foundational pillar of market economies.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#合同法 #协议 #违约
《世界人权宣言》是哪一年由谁通过的，具有怎样的法律地位？
In what year was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted, by whom, and what is its legal status?
《世界人权宣言》由联合国大会于 1948 年 12 月 10 日通过，是世界上首份系统阐述基本人权的文件。它本身是宣示性文件而非强制条约，但后续两项公约使其许多内容成为有约束力的国际法。
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the first comprehensive statement of fundamental human rights. It is a declaratory document rather than a binding treaty, though later covenants made much of it binding international law.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
联合国大会第217A(III)号决议（1948）
UN General Assembly Resolution 217 A (III) (1948)
#世界人权宣言 #联合国 #人权
国际刑事法院（ICC）与联合国国际法院（ICJ）有何不同？
How does the International Criminal Court (ICC) differ from the UN’s International Court of Justice (ICJ)?
国际法院（ICJ，设于海牙）处理国家之间的法律争端，由联合国大会和安理会选举法官；国际刑事法院（ICC，亦在海牙）则审判个人犯下的种族灭绝、战争罪等，依据 1998 年《罗马规约》设立。两者职能与管辖对象截然不同。
The International Court of Justice (ICJ, in The Hague) settles legal disputes between states, with judges elected by the UN General Assembly and Security Council; the International Criminal Court (ICC, also in The Hague) prosecutes individuals for genocide, war crimes, etc., established by the 1998 Rome Statute. They differ in function and subject matter.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
联合国国际法院（ICJ）规约；《罗马规约》（1998）
Statute of the ICJ; Rome Statute (1998)
#国际法院 #国际刑事法院 #罗马规约
什么是国际刑事法院？
What is the International Criminal Court?
国际刑事法院（ICC）成立于2002年，总部位于海牙，专门审理灭绝种族、战争罪和危害人类罪等最严重国际犯罪。它只在国家不愿或不能追诉时行使管辖权。
The International Criminal Court (ICC), established in 2002 in The Hague, prosecutes the gravest crimes—genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity. It steps in only when states are unwilling or unable to prosecute.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
《国际刑事法院罗马规约》(1998 年通过,2002 年生效)
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 1998, in force 2002)
#国际刑事法院 #战争罪 #管辖权
刑法里的「犯意」（mens rea）与「犯罪行为」（actus reus）分别指什么？
In criminal law, what do 'mens rea' and 'actus reus' each refer to?
「犯意」指实施犯罪时的「明知或故意」等主观心理状态，「犯罪行为」指客观发生的不法举动或疏忽。多数犯罪须两者同时具备——既有坏心思、又做了坏事，才构成完整罪行。
'Mens rea' is the guilty mind—the intentional or knowing mental state when committing a crime—while 'actus reus' is the guilty act, the outward unlawful conduct or omission. Most crimes require both: a wrongful mind joined to a wrongful act.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#犯意 #犯罪行为 #刑法要件
什么是民法与刑法的区别？
What is the difference between civil law and criminal law?
民法调整平等主体之间的财产和人身关系，如合同与婚姻；刑法规定哪些行为构成犯罪并施加刑罚，以维护社会秩序。民事案件通常由受害方起诉，刑事案件多由国家机关追诉。两者的目的、程序和举证责任都有明显不同。
Civil law governs property and personal relations among equal parties, such as contracts and marriage; criminal law defines acts as crimes and imposes punishment to protect public order. Civil cases are usually brought by the injured party, while criminal cases are prosecuted by the state. Their purposes, procedures, and burdens of proof differ markedly.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#民法 #刑法 #法律体系
为什么未成年人在法律上有特别保护？
Why do minors get special legal protection?
未成年人心智还没完全成熟，判断力和自我保护能力较弱，所以法律在惩罚、合同和福利上给予特别照顾，重在教育和保护。
Minors are not yet fully mature and have weaker judgment and self-protection, so the law gives special care in punishment, contracts, and welfare, focusing on education and protection.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#未成年人 #保护 #法律
什么是契约？
What is a contract?
契约是双方自愿达成的具法律约束力的协议，通常需要约、承诺与对价。
A contract is a voluntary, legally binding agreement, typically needing offer, acceptance, and consideration.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#契约 #法律
「米兰达权利」（你有权保持沉默…）是从哪起案件开始成为警察「必说」的？
From which case did the 'Miranda rights' ('you have the right to remain silent…') become something police must say?
1966 年美国最高法院在「米兰达诉亚利桑那州」案中裁定，警察拘押讯问前必须告知嫌疑人「保持沉默、请律师」等权利。它把宪法第五、六修正案的保护落到日常执法，防止逼供。
In Miranda v. Arizona (1966) the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police must warn a suspect in custody of the right to remain silent and to an attorney before questioning. It turned the Fifth and Sixth Amendment protections into everyday police procedure and curbed coerced confessions.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
#米兰达权利 #沉默权 #刑事诉讼
「一事不再理」（double jeopardy）为什么禁止就同一罪行把人反复审判？
Why does 'double jeopardy' forbid trying someone repeatedly for the same crime?
「一事不再理」原则规定，一个人对同一项指控被「正式宣判后」，不得再因同一罪行受审或处罚，源自美国宪法第五修正案。它保护个人免遭国家「反复追责」的消耗与恐吓。
The double jeopardy clause bars a person from being tried or punished again for the same offense after a final acquittal or conviction, rooted in the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment. It shields individuals from the state's repeated, harassing pursuit over one act.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#一事不再理 #禁止重复追诉 #宪法
什么是法律面前人人平等？
What is equality before the law?
法律面前人人平等指所有人在法律适用上不受身份、财富或权力的特殊优待或歧视，是法治与基本人权的核心原则。它要求同样的情形得到同样的处理。
Equality before the law means no one is granted special favor or discriminated against by status, wealth, or power—a core principle of the rule of law and human rights. Like cases must be treated alike.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#法律平等 #法治 #人权
普通法中的「遵循先例」（stare decisis）为什么能让判决更稳定？
Why does 'stare decisis' (following precedent) make rulings more stable in common law?
「遵循先例」要求法院在类似案件里沿用上级或本院此前作出的判决，保证「同样情形同样对待」。它让法律可预期、减少任意裁量，却也允许在旧判例明显错误时「推翻」先例。
'Stare decisis' requires courts to follow earlier decisions by higher or same courts in similar cases, ensuring 'like cases are treated alike.' It makes law predictable and curbs arbitrary discretion, while still allowing precedent to be overruled when clearly wrong.
难度 入门 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
《牛津美国最高法院手册》
'The Oxford Handbook of the U.S. Supreme Court'
#遵循先例 #判例法 #普通法
什么是法律？
What is law?
法律是由国家制定或认可、并以国家强制力保证实施的行为规范总和。它规定权利与义务，用以调整社会关系、维护秩序。不同法系（如大陆法系与普通法系）在渊源和适用上各有特点。
Law is the set of rules created or recognized by the state and enforced through state coercion. It defines rights and duties to regulate social relations and maintain order. Different legal families, such as civil and common law, differ in sources and application.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
H.L.A. 哈特《法律的概念》（1961）
H.L.A. Hart, “The Concept of Law” (1961)
#法律 #规范 #权利与义务
什么是证据？
What is evidence?
证据是用于证明案件事实的材料或信息，如书证、物证、证人证言和电子数据等。法律对证据的收集、采信有严格规则，以保障裁判的公正。没有充分证据，很多主张难以在法律上成立。
Evidence is the material or information used to prove facts in a case, such as documents, physical objects, witness testimony, and electronic data. Law strictly regulates how evidence is collected and admitted to ensure fair adjudication. Without sufficient evidence, many claims cannot stand legally.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
Garner 主编，《布莱克法律词典》(第11版，2019)
Garner (ed.), 'Black's Law Dictionary' (11th ed., 2019)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL20639384W：Black's law dictionary
#证据 #诉讼 #事实认定
什么是人权？
What are human rights?
人权是每个人仅仅因为是人就应当享有的基本权利，比如生命、自由和平等对待，不因国籍、性别或身份而被剥夺。
Human rights are basic rights every person has simply by being human, such as life, liberty, and equal treatment, which cannot be taken away by nationality, gender, or status.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#人权 #基本权利 #平等
「人身保护令」（habeas corpus）是用来保护人们免于哪种侵害的？
What kind of abuse does 'habeas corpus' protect people against?
人身保护令要求政府把被拘押的人带到大法官面前，说明「凭什么」关押，否则必须放人。它源自 1215 年《大宪章》并写入 1679 年《人身保护法案》，是防止「任意关押」的古老法治屏障。
Habeas corpus compels the government to bring a detained person before a court and justify the detention, or release them. Rooted in Magna Carta (1215) and enacted in the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679, it is an ancient safeguard against arbitrary imprisonment.
难度 入门 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
《大宪章》(1215)；《人身保护法案》1679
Magna Carta (1215); Habeas Corpus Act 1679
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9787100122269（豆瓣书目条目: 大宪章）；本条出处含多部著作，此标识只担保上面点名的这部
#人身保护令 #任意羁押 #法治