为什么“明文规则”之外常常还存在“潜规则”？
Why do 'hidden rules' persist alongside written rules?
明文规则无法覆盖所有情境，且执行成本很高，于是在规则模糊或不切实际之处，非正式规范便填补空白。当正式制度与实际运作脱节时，潜规则便由权力关系与利益驱动而生。
Formal rules cannot cover every situation and are costly to enforce, so informal norms fill the gaps where written rules are vague or unrealistic. When official institutions diverge from actual practice, hidden rules emerge, driven by power and self-interest.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#潜规则 #正式 #非正式
为什么“重复博弈”中更容易出现合作？
Why does cooperation appear more easily in 'repeated games'?
在反复互动中，今天的合作能在未来得到回报，背叛则会在以后受罚，于是长期合作的总收益超过短期欺骗。未来的“影子”使自利与互利趋于一致。
In repeated interactions, today's cooperation can be rewarded tomorrow and defection punished later, so the long-term payoff of cooperating outweighs short-term cheating. The shadow of the future aligns self-interest with mutual cooperation.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
罗伯特·阿克塞尔罗德《合作的进化》(1984)
Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation (1984)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2620286W：The evolution of cooper
#重复博弈 #合作 #策略
社会规范是怎样“长”出来的，而不是被下令产生的？
How do social norms 'grow' rather than get ordered into being?
规范多从重复互动中浮现：大家都这么做、这么做更方便或被奖励，便成了习惯；再经模仿与责备强化。它靠自发协调，而非单靠法律强制。
Norms emerge from repeated interaction: what everyone does and what pays off becomes habit, then is reinforced by imitation and blame. They rest on spontaneous coordination, not just legal force.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#规范 #自发 #演化