恩特曼如何界定新闻框架?他归纳的四项功能分别对应文本加工的哪个环节?
How does Robert Entman define a news frame, and which four functions does he argue every frame performs on a text?
恩特曼把框架界定为选取所感知现实的一个侧面,借助版面位置、重复频率以及与既有文化图式的勾连,使其在文本中格外醒目。被凸显的信息由此承担四种工作:界定问题、诊断成因、给出道德评价、提示处置办法。他还提醒,文本框架能否生效取决于是否激活了受众脑中兼容的图式,因此同一事件的报道完全可能唤起彼此冲突的理解。
Entman defines framing as selecting some aspect of perceived reality and making it more salient in a text through placement, repetition, and association with culturally familiar symbols. Once highlighted, that material performs four tasks: defining the problem, diagnosing causes, making moral judgments, and suggesting remedies. He cautions that a textual frame works only if it activates compatible schemas in audiences, so accounts of the same event can evoke opposing readings.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
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罗伯特·恩特曼〈框架化:对一个破碎范式的澄清〉,《传播学刊》第43卷第4期(1993)
Robert M. Entman, 'Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm', Journal of Communication 43(4), 1993
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x：Framing:
#新闻框架 #媒介效果
沉默的螺旋假说把少数派意见从公共讨论中消退归因于怎样的心理与社会机制?
To which psychological and social mechanisms does the spiral of silence hypothesis attribute the retreat of minority opinions from public discussion?
诺依曼假设人人具备感知舆论气候的准统计感官,并因惧怕孤立而对自认弱势的意见保持缄默。这种选择性沉默令主导意见显得愈发强势,异见愈发稀薄,呈螺旋式加剧。后续批评指出,无畏的中坚分子与匿名化的网络环境都会切断这一螺旋的运转条件。
Noelle-Neumann assumed individuals carry a quasi-statistical sense of the opinion climate and fall silent when they believe themselves in the minority, fearing isolation. Such selective silence magnifies the dominance of majority views and thins out dissent in a self-reinforcing spiral. Later critics answered that fearless hardcore advocates and anonymized online settings can both sever the spiral's operating conditions.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
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出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
伊丽莎白·诺埃勒-诺依曼《沉默的螺旋:舆论——我们的社会皮肤》,费弗出版社 1980 年德文初版 ; 另见: Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Die Schweigespirale: Offentliche Meinung—unsere soziale Haut, Piper Verlag, Munich, 1980 (English: The Spiral of Silence, University of Chicago Press, 1984)
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, Die Schweigespirale: Offentliche Meinung—unsere soziale Haut, Piper Verlag, Munich, 1980 (English: The Spiral of Silence, University of Chicago Press, 1984) ; see also: 伊丽莎白·诺埃勒-诺依曼《沉默的螺旋:舆论——我们的社会皮肤》,费弗出版社 1980 年德文初版
#沉默的螺旋 #准统计感官
为什么公众常常把媒体报道密集的议题当作最紧迫的社会问题?议程设置研究如何解释这种对应关系?
Why do audiences so often treat intensively covered issues as the most urgent ones? How does agenda-setting research explain this correspondence?
议程设置研究发现,媒体很难直接决定人们怎么想,但其选择报道什么显著塑造了人们想些什么。高频显著的报道提升议题在公众心中的显著度,使之被优先感知为社会问题。当受众对议题缺乏亲身经验时,这种效应表现得最为明显。
Agenda-setting research finds that the press rarely dictates what people conclude, yet its selection decisions powerfully shape which issues people think about at all. Prominent repeated coverage raises an issue's salience, so it gets perceived first among competing social problems. The effect grows strongest where audiences lack direct personal experience of the issue.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
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McCombs 与 Shaw 发表于《舆论季刊》1972 年第 36 卷的论文《大众传播的议程设置功能》
Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw, The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media, Public Opinion Quarterly, vol. 36, 1972
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.1086/267990：The Agenda-Setting Function o
#议程设置 #媒介效果