什么是威权政体？
What is an authoritarian regime?
威权政体指权力高度集中于少数精英或一人、政治竞争与公民自由受到系统性限制的政治体制，与民主政体相对。其维持依赖强制、意识形态或绩效合法性。
An authoritarian regime concentrates power in a few elites or one leader and systematically limits political competition and civil liberties, in contrast to democracy. It rests on coercion, ideology, or performance legitimacy.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#威权政体 #民主 #权力
乔瓦尼·萨托利如何对政党体系统分类？
How did Giovanni Sartori classify party systems?
萨托利在 1976 年提出以“数量＋意识形态距离”两个维度划分政党体系：从一党制、两党制到多党制，并按各党意识形态接近或极化区分温和与极化多党制。这一分类成为比较政治学分析政党竞争的基础框架。
Sartori proposed in 1976 a two-dimensional classification of party systems—by number of parties plus ideological distance—from one-party and two-party to multi-party systems, distinguishing moderate from polarized pluralism. It became a foundational framework in comparative politics for analyzing party competition.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
乔瓦尼·萨托利《政党与政党体系》（Sartori, Parties and Party Systems, 1976）
Giovanni Sartori, “Parties and Party Systems” (1976)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2069325W：Parties and Party Syste
#萨托利 #政党体系 #意识形态距离
罗伯特·达尔用什么概念描述现代民主中的权力分布？
What concept did Robert Dahl use to describe the distribution of power in modern democracies?
达尔在 1961 年《谁统治？》中通过对纽黑文市的实证研究，提出“多元政体”（polyarchy）——即权力分散在多个相互竞争的精英团体手中，而非由单一精英垄断。他主张现实民主应理解为多头竞争统治，而非理想化的人民直接统治。
In 1961’s “Who Governs?” Dahl’s empirical study of New Haven introduced “polyarchy”—power dispersed among multiple competing elite groups rather than monopolized by one. He argued real democracy should be understood as competitive pluralism, not idealized direct popular rule.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：著录含书名，但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分，需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。
罗伯特·达尔《谁统治？》（Who Governs?, 1961）
Robert Dahl, “Who Governs?” (1961)
#罗伯特·达尔 #多元政体 #权力分布
什么是协商民主？
What is deliberative democracy?
协商民主强调公民通过理性讨论、倾听对立观点来形成公共决策，而不仅是投票计票。它旨在提升决策的质量与正当性，常见于公民陪审团、专题听证等形式。
Deliberative democracy emphasizes citizens reaching decisions through reasoned discussion and listening to opposing views, not merely counting votes. It aims to improve the quality and legitimacy of decisions via forums like citizen juries.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补，暂不展示来源。
本题原挂出处与答案内容不符，已撤回；具体书目待补。
Previous citation withdrawn as unsupported for this answer; a specific source is pending.
#协商民主 #公共讨论 #参与
什么是政治文化？
What is political culture?
政治文化是特定社会中成员对政治的认知、情感与评价的倾向总和，如对新制度的信任、对参与的态度。阿尔蒙德提出此概念，用以解释为何相同制度在不同国家运作效果迥异。
Political culture is the sum of a society’s orientations—cognitive, affective, evaluative—toward politics, such as trust in institutions and attitudes to participation. Almond coined it to explain why the same institutions work differently across countries.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#政治文化 #信任 #制度
什么是民族主义？
What is nationalism?
民族主义是一种认同并忠诚于本民族、主张民族自决的政治意识形态，既推动了现代民族国家的建立，也可能走向排他乃至冲突。
Nationalism is an ideology of identification with and loyalty to one’s nation, asserting self-determination. It helped build the modern nation-state but can also turn exclusive or conflictual.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Michael Billig，《Banal Nationalism》（平庸民族主义），伦敦：Sage出版社，1995年。
Billig, M. (1995). Banal Nationalism. London: Sage.
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9781446264577 (1995)
#民族主义 #民族自决 #意识形态
“多数决”与“比例代表制”两种选举制度的主要区别是什么？
What is the main difference between “majoritarian” and “proportional representation” electoral systems?
多数决（如单一选区相对多数制）通常产生两党格局和强政府，但小党代表不足；比例代表制按得票比例分配席位，更能反映多元民意，但常导致多党联合政府。制度选择会影响政党体系与治理稳定性。
Majoritarian systems (e.g., first-past-the-post) tend to produce two-party systems and strong governments but under-represent small parties; proportional representation allocates seats by vote share, better reflecting diverse opinion but often yielding coalition governments. The choice shapes party systems and stability.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
阿伦·利普哈特《民主的模式》（Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy, 1999）
Arend Lijphart, “Patterns of Democracy” (1999)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2602587W：Patterns of Democracy（首
#选举制度 #比例代表制 #多数决
什么是政治意识形态？
What is a political ideology?
政治意识形态是一套关于理想社会应如何组织、权力应如何分配的系统化信念，如自由主义、保守主义、社会主义。它为政党纲领与政策辩论提供基本坐标。
A political ideology is a coherent set of beliefs about how society should be organized and power distributed—liberalism, conservatism, socialism. It frames party platforms and policy debate.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#意识形态 #自由主义 #社会主义
什么是“公民社会”？
What is “civil society”?
公民社会指国家与政府之外、由公民自愿结成的非营利性组织与公共空间，如社团、工会、公益团体和媒体。它在民主社会中起到监督权力、凝聚公共意见的作用。
Civil society is the realm outside the state and government formed by citizens’ voluntary, non-profit associations and public spaces—clubs, unions, charities, and media. In democracies it checks power and helps form public opinion.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
联合国（UN）《千年宣言》；托克维尔《论美国的民主》
United Nations, “Millennium Declaration”; Tocqueville, “Democracy in America”
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18817309M：United Nations Millenn
#公民社会 #非营利组织 #公共领域
《联邦党人文集》是一部什么性质的作品，对哪国制度影响最大？
What kind of work is “The Federalist Papers,” and which country’s system did it most influence?
《联邦党人文集》是汉密尔顿、麦迪逊和杰伊在 1787–1788 年匿名撰写的 85 篇论文，主张批准美国宪法并以分权与联邦制防范暴政。它被视为美国宪政思想的核心文献，对理解美国制度设计影响最大。
“The Federalist Papers” are 85 essays written anonymously in 1787–1788 by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay advocating ratification of the U.S. Constitution through separation of powers and federalism to guard against tyranny. It is a central text of American constitutional thought.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
汉密尔顿、麦迪逊、杰伊《联邦党人文集》（1787–1788）
Hamilton, Madison & Jay, “The Federalist Papers” (1787–1788)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 CROSSREF 标识 10.4324/9781912282159：The Federalist Papers（
#联邦党人文集 #美国宪法 #分权
议会制与总统制有何不同？
What is the difference between parliamentary and presidential systems?
议会制中政府首脑通常由议会多数党领袖出任，行政与立法联系紧密，不信任投票可倒阁；总统制下总统独立于议会、任期固定，权力划分更清晰。
In a parliamentary system the head of government is usually the legislative majority leader and can be ousted by a no-confidence vote; in a presidential system the president is elected separately with a fixed term and clearer separation of powers.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Rein Taagepera & Matthew Shugart,《Seats and Votes》Yale University Press,1989
R. Taagepera and M. S. Shugart, Seats and Votes, Yale University Press, 1989
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2896980W：Seats and votes（按标题+作者/
#议会制 #总统制 #政体
什么是政治社会化？
What is political socialization?
政治社会化是个人习得政治态度、价值观与行为方式的过程，家庭、学校、媒体和同龄人都是重要媒介。它解释了不同社会中政治文化为何得以代际延续。
Political socialization is how individuals acquire political attitudes, values, and behaviors, with family, school, media, and peers as key agents. It explains how political culture persists across generations.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#政治社会化 #政治文化 #代际
孟德斯鸠在《论法的精神》中提出的“三权分立”指什么？
What does Montesquieu’s “separation of powers” in “The Spirit of the Laws” refer to?
孟德斯鸠在 1748 年主张将国家权力分为立法、行政和司法三部分，并相互制衡，以防止权力集中导致专制。这一思想深刻影响了美国宪法和许多现代民主制度的架构。
In 1748 Montesquieu argued that state power should be divided into legislative, executive, and judicial branches with mutual checks to prevent tyranny from concentrated power. This idea strongly shaped the U.S. Constitution and many modern democratic systems.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
孟德斯鸠《论法的精神》（De l’esprit des lois, 1748）
Montesquieu, “The Spirit of the Laws” (1748)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 spiritoflaws02baro_0：The Spirit of the Laws（扫
#三权分立 #孟德斯鸠 #权力制衡
两党制与多党制有何不同？
What is the difference between two-party and multi-party systems?
两党制下竞争主要在两大政党间展开（如美国），政府更替清晰但选择有限；多党制（如德国、印度）政党众多，常需联合组阁，更能反映多元诉求却易生僵局。
In a two-party system (e.g., the U.S.) competition centers on two major parties—clear turnover but limited choice; in multi-party systems (e.g., Germany, India) many parties often require coalitions, reflecting diversity but risking deadlock.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
乔瓦尼·萨托利《政党与政党体系》（Sartori, Parties and Party Systems, 1976）
Giovanni Sartori, “Parties and Party Systems” (1976)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2069325W：Parties and Party Syste
#两党制 #多党制 #政党
什么是利益集团与游说？
What are interest groups and lobbying?
利益集团是为影响公共政策而组织起来的群体，如商会、工会；游说则是它们向议员和官员表达诉求、争取有利立法的活动。它既是民主参与渠道，也可能放大少数强势者的声音。
Interest groups organize to influence public policy—for example business chambers or labor unions; lobbying is their activity of pressing lawmakers for favorable laws. It is both a channel of participation and a way powerful minorities may gain outsized voice.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-02
来源 · Source
奥尔森《集体行动的逻辑》(1965)
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (1965)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL108561W：The logic of collective
#利益集团 #游说 #政策
什么是言论自由？其边界在哪里？
What is freedom of expression and where are its limits?
言论自由是公民表达意见而不受政府事前审查的权利，被许多国家宪法和国际公约所保障。多数国家也规定边界，如禁止煽动暴力、诽谤和仇恨言论，以平衡个人自由与他人权利。
Freedom of expression is the right to voice opinions without prior government censorship, protected by many constitutions and human-rights treaties. Most states set limits—such as against incitement to violence, libel, or hate speech—to balance liberties with others’ rights.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#言论自由 #人权 #边界
什么是公投？
What is a referendum?
公投是由全体合格选民直接就某项重大议题投票决定的形式，如独立、修宪或加入国际组织。它能直接体现民意，但也可能使复杂问题被简化为二元选择。
A referendum lets all eligible voters directly decide a major issue—independence, constitutional change, or treaty membership. It expresses popular will directly but can oversimplify complex questions into binary choices.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23 · 2 条独立证据
来源 · Source
Rein Taagepera & Matthew Shugart,《Seats and Votes》Yale University Press,1989
R. Taagepera and M. S. Shugart, Seats and Votes, Yale University Press, 1989
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL2896980W：Seats and votes（按标题+作者/
#公投 #直接民主 #民意