public_goods Social Science

3 个科学问题 · 社会科学 Social Science

本页目录

公共品供给中的“林达尔均衡”指什么?

What is the "Lindahl equilibrium" in public-goods provision?

它描述一种理想状态:每个消费者按其从该公共品中获得的边际收益来分担成本,使总量恰好满足集体偏好;难点在于个人往往隐瞒真实偏好以少付费。
It describes an ideal where each consumer pays according to their marginal benefit from the public good, matching supply to collective preference; the difficulty is that people tend to understate their true willingness to pay.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众 CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source

出处备注:著录含书名,但缺版次 / 出版社 / 年份中的一部分,需编辑补全后才能做独立比对。

萨缪尔森《公共支出的纯理论》(1954, AER)

Paul Samuelson, 'The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure' (1954, AER)

#林达尔均衡 #偏好显示

为什么国防通常被视为“纯公共品”?

Why is national defense usually treated as a "pure" public good?

国防一旦提供,难以排除任何公民受保护(非排他),且一人受保护不会减少他人受保护(非竞争),因此私人市场很难靠收费来供给。
Once provided, defense is hard to deny to any citizen (non-excludable) and one person's protection doesn't reduce another's (non-rival), so private markets struggle to supply it by charging fees.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source

N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社

N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press

#纯公共品 #非竞争

什么是“公共品”?

What are "public goods"?

公共品是大家都能用、且一个人用了不会减少别人使用的东西,比如路灯和天气预报。
Public goods are things everyone can use and one person's use doesn't reduce another's, such as streetlights and weather forecasts.
难度 入门 · 适合 幼儿(3-6) CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source

N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社

N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press

#公共品 #非排他