什么是公共物品？
What are public goods?
公共物品具有非排他性与非竞争性，即难以排除他人使用、且一人使用不减少他人可用量，如国防和灯塔。由于存在“搭便车”问题，市场往往供给不足，需要政府提供。准公共物品则在某一维度上部分具备这些特征。
Public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning it is hard to exclude users and one person's use does not reduce another's, like national defense or a lighthouse. Because of free-rider problems, markets under-provide them, so government supply is needed. Quasi-public goods partially share these traits.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#公共物品 #市场失灵 #政府供给
萨拉蒙如何借志愿失灵理论论证政府资助非营利部门的正当性?第三方治理在他的方案里扮演什么角色?
How does Salamon's theory of voluntary failure justify public funding of nonprofits, and what part does third-party government play in his scheme?
萨拉蒙归纳出四类失灵:搭车行为令自愿捐赠难以凑足集体物品所需的规模,构成慈善供给不足;捐助者偏好使资源流向特定群体而非最需要者,是为特殊主义;富人掌控善款扭曲优先次序,形成家长作风;依赖业余志愿者则压低了服务质量,即业余性。他据此提出第三方治理模型——政府侧重筹资保障,非营利组织凭贴近需求的弹性负责递送,两者是互补分工而非零和替代。
Salamon catalogued four failures: free riding leaves voluntary giving short of collective-goods demand, or philanthropic insufficiency; donor preferences channel resources toward favored groups over neediest ones, or particularism; wealthy patrons skew priorities, or paternalism; reliance on amateurs depresses service quality, or amateurism. His third-party government model follows: the state secures financing while nonprofits deliver with superior responsiveness, forming complementary specialization instead of zero-sum substitution.
难度 专业 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：作者 / 书名 / 版次 / 出版社 / 年份齐备，仅缺独立比对证据；已在可信度报告单列披露，不再重复核验。
莱斯特·萨拉蒙〈公共服务中的伙伴:政府与非营利关系的范围与理论〉,《社会服务评论》第61卷第4期(1987);扩充版见同名文集(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学出版社,1995)
Lester M. Salamon, 'Partners in Public Service: The Scope and Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations', Social Service Review 61(4), 1987; expanded in Partners in Public Service (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995)
#志愿失灵 #第三方治理
什么是义务教育？
What is compulsory education?
义务教育是国家依法规定适龄儿童和少年必须接受、通常由政府免费提供的基础教育阶段。它旨在保障基本学习权利并提升国民素质。义务教育年限在不同国家从6年到12年不等。
Compulsory education is the basic education stage that the state legally requires school-age children to attend, usually provided free by government. It aims to guarantee basic learning rights and raise national literacy. Its duration varies from about 6 to 12 years across countries.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#义务教育 #教育 #政府责任
什么是最低工资标准？
What is a minimum wage?
最低工资标准是政府规定的雇主必须支付给劳动者的最低小时或月薪，旨在保障基本生活并减少低收入贫困。支持者认为它提升低收入者收入，反对者担心可能减少就业。其效果取决于具体水平与经济环境。
A minimum wage is the lowest hourly or monthly pay employers must legally pay workers, aimed at securing basic living and reducing low-income poverty. Supporters say it raises low earners' income; opponents worry it may cut jobs. Its effect depends on the level set and economic context.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#最低工资 #劳动政策 #收入保障
什么是信息不对称？
What is information asymmetry?
信息不对称指交易双方掌握的相关信息不相等，例如卖方比买方更了解商品质量。它会导致逆向选择和道德风险等市场失灵。政策上常通过披露要求、认证和监管来缓和这一问题。
Information asymmetry means one side of a transaction has more relevant information than the other, such as a seller knowing product quality better than the buyer. It can cause market failures like adverse selection and moral hazard. Policy often mitigates it through disclosure rules, certification, and regulation.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-03 · 3 条独立证据
来源 · Source
N. Gregory Mankiw,《Principles of Economics》第8版,Cengage,2017;中译《经济学原理》北京大学出版社
N. G. Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 8th ed., Cengage, 2017; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 2 cengage.com
#信息不对称 #市场失灵 #监管
艾斯平-安德森在《福利资本主义的三个世界》中划分出哪三种福利体制?它们各自如何安排国家、市场与家庭的关系?
Which three welfare regimes does Esping-Andersen distinguish in The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, and how does each arrange the roles of state, market, and family?
他区分了以美国为代表的自由主义体制、以德国为代表的保守主义法团体制和以瑞典为代表的社会民主体制。自由主义体制依靠家计调查式救助并把风险交给市场，去商品化程度最低；法团体制通过职业分立的社会保险维系地位差别，家庭承担大量照护职能；社会民主体制提供普惠而优厚的给付，去商品化程度最高，并推动双薪化与普遍公共服务。
He distinguishes liberal regimes exemplified by the United States, conservative corporatist regimes exemplified by Germany, and social democratic regimes exemplified by Sweden. Liberal regimes rely on means-tested assistance and leave risks to the market, showing the lowest decommodification; corporatist regimes preserve occupational status differentials through contribution-based insurance while families carry heavy care duties; social democratic regimes provide universal, generous benefits, achieve the highest decommodification, and promote dual-earnerhood and public services.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 来源待核验 · Source pending review
来源 · Source
出处备注：此条未指向带版次的可引用著作（通识性内容、机构文件或未展开的英文书名），本库不提供独立书目出处；如需精确引用，需由编辑补全具体篇目与版次。
Gøsta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton University Press, 1990), 第1—2章
Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton UP, 1990), chs. 1-2
#福利国家 #福利体制
什么是环境保护政策？
What is environmental protection policy?
环境保护政策是政府为防治污染、保护生态和应对气候变化而制定的规则与措施，如排放标准、保护区和碳交易。它往往针对环境这一公共物品的外部性。平衡发展与保护是政策设计的核心难题。
Environmental protection policy comprises rules and measures governments adopt to prevent pollution, protect ecosystems, and address climate change, such as emission standards, reserves, and carbon trading. It often targets the externalities of the environment as a public good. Balancing development and protection is the core challenge.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#环境保护 #污染 #气候政策