什么是世俗化？
What is secularization?
世俗化指宗教在社会公共生活与制度中的影响逐渐减弱、宗教活动转向私人的精神趋势，常见于现代化与科学普及程度较高的社会。
Secularization is the declining public and institutional role of religion as faith becomes a more private matter, common in modernized, scientifically advanced societies.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-10-04
来源 · Source
Norris 与 Inglehart,《Sacred and Secular》,Cambridge University Press,2004
P. Norris and R. Inglehart, Sacred and Secular, Cambridge University Press, 2004
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ISBN 9781139115841 (2004)
#世俗化 #现代化 #宗教
韦伯关于新教与资本主义的命题之外，他在《宗教社会学》中如何用“祛魅”描述现代世界的理性化？
Beyond the Protestant ethic, how did Weber use 'disenchantment' in his sociology of religion to describe the rationalization of the modern world?
韦伯把祛魅定义为神秘与神圣体验被科学解释与科层计算取代，世界变得可计算、可预测。理性化提升了效率却也带来“铁笼”式的意义空洞。
Weber defined disenchantment as the replacement of mystery and the sacred by scientific explanation and bureaucratic calculation, making the world predictable. Rationalization boosts efficiency yet risks a meaning-empty 'iron cage'.
难度 进阶 · 适合 高中(15-18)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
马克斯·韦伯《宗教社会学论文集》(1920, 埃弗拉伊姆·菲绍夫英译本 1963)
Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (1920; trans. Ephraim Fischoff, 1963)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 OPENLIBRARY 标识 /works/OL18000677W：The sociology of relig
#韦伯 #祛魅 #理性化 #宗教社会学
什么是政教分离？
What is the separation of church and state?
政教分离指宗教机构与国家政权在制度上相互独立，政府不确立国教、不干预信仰，信仰也不直接支配立法。它旨在保障宗教自由并维持公共领域的中立。
Separation of church and state keeps religious institutions and government independent: the state establishes no official religion and does not dictate belief, nor does faith directly rule legislation. It protects religious freedom and public neutrality.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#政教分离 #宗教自由 #中立
斯塔克与芬克的宗教经济理论为何把宗教市场类比为竞争性的“灵性市场”？它如何解释世俗化程度差异？
Why did Stark and Finke's religious economy theory model religion as a competitive 'spiritual market', and how does it explain varying secularization?
他们主张供给侧（多元教派竞争）决定宗教活力，国家垄断信仰反令需求萎缩。该模型挑战了世俗化必然论，解释为何美国高度信教而欧洲低落。
They argued supply—competition among denominations—drives religious vitality, while state monopolies stifle demand. The model challenges secularization as inevitable, explaining high U.S. religiosity versus European decline.
难度 进阶 · 适合 初中(12-15)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-11-03
来源 · Source
罗德尼·斯塔克与罗杰尔·芬克《信仰之Acts：解释宗教经济》(2000)
Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion (2000)
独立核验依据 · Independent verification: 核验依据 1 ARCHIVE 标识 actsoffaithexpla0000star：Acts of faith : expl
#斯塔克 #宗教经济 #世俗化 #宗教市场
什么是世界宗教？
What are the world religions?
世界宗教指在多个地区拥有大量信众、具跨民族传播力的几大宗教，通常指基督教、伊斯兰教、印度教、佛教和犹太教等。它们塑造了全球文化与伦理图景。
World religions are those with large, cross-ethnic followings across regions—typically Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism. They have shaped global culture and ethics.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#世界宗教 #基督教 #伊斯兰教