科学知识的社会建构论主张什么？
What does the social construction of scientific knowledge claim?
社会建构论认为科学事实的确立受社会、文化与制度语境影响，并非纯粹客观发现的展开，引发与科学实在论的争论。
Social constructivism holds that established scientific facts are shaped by social, cultural, and institutional contexts, not pure objective discovery—debated against scientific realism.
难度 专业 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#社会建构 #科学哲学 #实在论
同行评审（peer review）有哪些局限？
What are the limits of peer review?
同行评审虽过滤低质研究，但存在偏见、缓慢、难以发现造假与对新颖性的排斥；可重复性危机推动开放评审与预印本改革。
Peer review filters poor work but shows bias, slowness, limited fraud detection, and resistance to novelty; the reproducibility crisis drives open review and preprints.
难度 进阶 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#同行评审 #科学规范 #可重复性
什么是“马太效应”在科学界的表现？
What is the “Matthew effect” in science?
知名科学家更易获得荣誉、经费与引用，无名者贡献易被低估，优势累积放大不平等，即科学界的马太效应。
Famous scientists more easily gain credit, funding, and citations while lesser-known contributors are overlooked—advantage accumulates, the “Matthew effect” in science.
难度 进阶 · 适合 小学高段(9-12)
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#马太效应 #科学界 #不平等
什么是“利益相关者”在科技决策中的角色？
What role do “stakeholders” play in science and technology policy?
科技政策影响公众、企业、研究者与政府等多方，利益相关者通过咨询、听证与游说参与，以求在风险与收益间达成可接受方案。
Tech policy affects publics, firms, researchers, and states; stakeholders engage via consultation, hearings, and lobbying to balance risks and benefits acceptably.
难度 入门 · 适合 大众
CC BY 4.0 · 已核验 · Verified 2026-08-23
来源 · Source
Anthony Giddens,《Sociology》Polity Press 多版;中译《社会学》北京大学出版社
A. Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, various editions; Chinese ed. Peking University Press
#利益相关者 #科技政策 #参与